A Multidisciplinary Approach to Patient Care Essay -- Nursing, Health

The objective for attendants as a calling isn't just to be â€Å"patient advocates† yet in addition help the patient to learn and pick up the important aptitudes to accomplish the best degree of working for the patient dependent on their present sickness. So as to enable a patient to accomplish their ideal degree of working the attendant must work with the patient and the interdisciplinary group to make a community plan that is consistent for the patient. Through looking at a musculoskeletal issue contextual investigation #35 from Preusser (2008), one can make a basic pathway for the patient, S.P. a multi year old female, with extreme rheumatoid joint pain (RA) and admitted to the orthopedic ward for a hip break status post fall (p. 183). Since the patient’s needs is one of a kind and complex the medical attendant must tailor an arrangement with the patient which will incorporate â€Å"†¦assessments, counsels, medicines, way of life changes, infection educationâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  all together for the patient have the most proper proof based consideration and settle on educated choices when it is fundamental (Oliver, 2006, p. 28). The focus on the attendant thinking about the S.P. is to help set up the patient for an up and coming system and center consideration to the patient by social event important data about her while. Joint effort with the patient, relatives, restoration, clinical and careful group about the treatment plans can assist us with giving appropriate patient’s care by using activities and intercessions inside the degree and norms of the nursing practice. This Preusser (2008) contextual analysis includes a multi year old female, S.P., who fell at home and is admitted to the orthopedic ward for an intracapsular crack of the hip at the femoral neck (p. 183). Evaluation information incorporates her tallness is 5’3†, weight is 118 lbs, circulatory strain... ...National Association of Orthopedic Nurses. (2009). All out hip substitution. Recovered from http://www.orthonurse.org/ResearchandPractice/PatientEducation/tabid/490/Default.aspx  Oliver, S. (2006). Advantages of patient pathways in rheumatoid joint inflammation care. Nursing Times. 102 (16), 28-33. Recovered from http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-look into/benefits-of-persistent pathways-in-rheumatoid-joint pain care/203268.article Oliver, S. (2009). Understanding the necessities of more seasoned individuals with rheumatoid joint pain: the job of the network nurture. Nursing Older People, 21(9), 30-38. Preusser, B. (2008). fourth Ed. Winningham and Preusser’s basic speculation in nursing: Medical-careful, pediatric, maternity, and mental contextual analyses. New York: Elsevier/Mosby Inc. Wilkinson, J. M. (2011). fifth Ed.  The Nursing process and basic reasoning. Prentice Hall.

Personal statement on family medicine Essay

Experiencing childhood in a group of doctors has monstrously jumped up my craving of taking medication. During those long periods of going through minutes with my folks in their clinical exercises, my choice of seeking after medication was solidly molded. For each one of those occasions, I understood that being a specialist isn't simply the delight of being known as a clinical professional. Neither does parts of the bargains recuperating the wiped out and sparing patients near the precarious edge of death. Being a specialist offers more rewards that are elusive and worth more than gold and silver. By helping one individual return to his typical life is lightening the weight of a gathering of individuals. In putting a grin to a tormented individual delivers similarity to trust. Also, the calling gives an opportunity of turning out to be a piece of one’s life during his phase of recovery and endurance. Also, it gives a chance to clinical specialists to grow their insight by each case they manage in regularly of their lives. Above all, being a specialist gives feeling of worth of being a human and being a piece of the general public. Moreover, I think about the act of medication as the most free and energetic method of bearing support of the majority. These were more than entrancing components that drove me to go through my time on earth in rehearsing medication. In satisfaction of my longing to rehearse medication, I valiantly supported the obstructions of my unconquerable dream. In the wake of moving on from clinical school, I took each risk to applying my earned information in real life. I initially applied my insight in my old neighborhood, especially in Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital. In there, I spent a time of one year allowing help and taking to gain from all branches of the clinic. One more year was very much spent as assistant in the Institute on Mental Health in Hyderabad. Because of my desire to additionally extend my insight and seek after Family Medicine, I moved to US and took my Masters in Clinical Nutrition. In US, I got each opportunity to investigate more this present reality of medication. I completed externship in a few emergency clinics in Kentucky which incorporates University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Hospital, Western Maryland Health Systems, and even in Christos St. John Hospital in Texas. My obligations at that point remember taking an interest for case conversation, planning determination, taking history, and general physical assessment, among others. During my externship, I had additionally been into clinical research. Inside those periods, I came to see actually the life of a doctor. From that point I further infer that season of a doctor is claimed by the obligation at hand. For a snapshot of presentation, my assurance was put to test. Working in a quick staging and requesting condition was tedious and depleting. There are additionally situations when individual life can't be embedded in the every day plan. Furthermore, a few patients will in general taste all the quality of doctor on account of their curiosity, underhandedness, or cantankerousness. Be that as it may, through persistence, determination, great time the board, and collaboration, the heaps in a physician’s life would be facilitated. Notwithstanding of those hardships, I effectively completed my externship and from that point, I earned more fortitude to confront the obstructions on my way to rehearse Family Medicine. After my investigations, I expect to consume my clinical time on earth in Family Medicine. I pick Family Medicine since it envelops the all out human services of an individual and of the entire family. It is a strength that isn't constrained to just a single viewpoint yet rather includes social, natural, and clinical science. Altogether, it represents considerable authority in forestalling the spread of infection as opposed to restoring it. As a clinical understudy, I accept that it is all the more compensating to forestall the event of sickness as opposed to applying endeavors to mend the infection. In addition, I need to seek after residency in Family Medicine since I need to devote my time taking care of the necessities of patients, particularly during time of crisis. Similarly, I need to use my life understanding and lightening the enduring of my fellowmen. From the exceptionally beginning stage of my excursion to clinical calling, I never went to a state of lamenting or pulling out. Rather, my energy and my craving to complete my examinations and get my permit became significantly more. From those battles I effectively won, I have manufactured a solid spine that I will use later on. Be that as it may, at that point, those endeavors would not be of sense except if I would complete Family Medicine Residency program.

Brief History of Big Data

Brief History of Big Data © Shutterstock | McIekThis article ventures into the world of big data, the history of big data all the way from its early stages in the 20th Century to big data as we know it now. The article also discusses some of the most prominent applications of big data in the world we live in.WHAT IS BIG DATA?In the business landscape of today, data management can be a major determinant of whether you succeed or fail. Most businesses have begun to realize the importance of incorporating strategies that can transform them through the application of big data. In this endeavor, businesses are realizing that big data is not simply a single technology or technique. Rather, big data is a trend that stretches across numerous fields in business and technology.Big Data is the term used to refer to initiatives and technologies that comprise of data that is too diverse, fast evolving, and vast for ordinary technologies, infra- structure, and skills to address exhaustively. That is; the volume, velocity and variety of the data is far too great. Despite the complexity of this data, advances in technology are allowing businesses to draw value from big data.For example, in your businesses can be positioned to track consumer web clicks in order to identify consumers’ behavioral trends and modify the business’s campaigns, advertisements, and pricing to fit the consumers’ persona.An additional example would be where energy service providers assess household consumption levels in order to predict impending outages and promote more efficient energy consumption.Additionally, health provision bodies may be able to monitor the spread as well as the emergence of illnesses by analyzing social media data. There are numerous applications of big data, the most noteworthy of which will be discussed a little later in the article. Big Data involves the creation of large amounts of complex data, its storage, its retrieval, and finally its analysis.The following are the three Vs of big data.Volum e. Two decades ago, typical computers may have had about ten gigabytes of memory. Today, however, social media platforms such as Facebook will take in over half a billion terabytes of data on a daily basis. Similarly, Boeing airplanes generate hundreds of terabytes in flight data in a single flight. The wide spread use of smartphones and tablets results in the generation of billions of terabytes of consistently updated data feeds that are of infinitely diverse genres.Velocity. Clickstreams capture user behavior at millions of events each second. For example, stock trading market changes are reflected within microseconds. Computer processes exchange data between billions of gadgets, infrastructure, and sensors in order to generate accurate and applicable data in real-time. For example, on-line gaming systems support millions of users operating concurrently and with each producing multiple inputs every second.Variety. Big data does not just refer to numbers and dates, big data is all that inclusive of audio, video, unstructured text, social media information, and so much more. Database systems of about two decades ago had been designed to address a smaller volume of structured data, slower, and fewer updates. They were designed to process structured and predictable forms of data. These traditional databases were also designed to operate on single servers, which would make an increase in capacity an expensive endeavor. Programs and applications have evolved to serve large volumes of users and the use of the olden databases has become a liability for most businesses as opposed to an asset. Big Data databases, for example MongoDB, solve these issues and avail businesses great value.HISTORY OF BIG DATAThe term Big Data was coined by Roger Mougalas back in 2005. However, the application of big data and the quest to understand the available data is something that has been in existence for a long time. As a matter of fact, some of the earliest records of the applicatio n of data to analyze and control business activities date as far back as7,000 years.This was with the introduction of accounting in Mesopotamia for the recording of crop growth and herding. The principles continued to grow and improve and John Graunt in 1663 recorded and analyzed information on the rate of mortality in London. John Graunt did this in an effort to raise awareness on the effects of the bubonic plague that was ongoing at the time.In his book ‘Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality’, John Graunt provided the world with the first statistical analysis of data ever recorded. The book was an insight into the causes of death in seventeenth century England. Due to his work, John Graunt is widely regarded as the pioneer of the field of statistics.After the works of Graunt, accounting principles continued to improve and develop but nothing extra ordinary quite took place until recently in the 20th Century when the information era began. The star ting point of modern data begins in 1889 when a computing system was invented by Herman Hollerith in an attempt to organize census data.After Herman Hollerith’s input, the next noteworthy data development leap happened in 1937 under Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidential administration in the United States. After the United States congress passed the Social Security Act, the government was required to keep track of millions of Americans. The government contracted IBM to develop a punch card-reading system that would be applied in this extensive data project.However, the very first data-processing machine was named ‘Colossus’ and was developed by the British in order to decipher Nazi codes in World War II, 1943. This machine worked by searching for any patterns that would appear regularly in the intercepted messages. The machine worked at a record rate of five thousand characters per second, which reduced work that would take weeks to just a few hours.From this development, the National Security Agency (NSA) was created in the United States in 1952. Employees of the NSA were tasked with decrypting the obtained messages during the course of the Cold War. Machine development at this stage had advanced to a level where machines could independently and automatically collect and process information.The first data centre was built by the United States government in 1965 for the purpose of storing millions of tax returns and fingerprint sets. This was achieved by transferring every record onto magnetic tapes that were to be stored systematically in a central location. This project, however, did not persist due to fear of sabotage or acquisition. However, it is a widely accepted that this initiative was the starting point of electronic big storage.Tim Berners-Lee a British computer scientist invented the World Wide Web in 1989. Berners-Lee’s intention was to enable the sharing of information through a hypertext system. He had no idea what kind of impact his inv ention would have on the world. As we entered the 1990’s, the creation of data grew at an extremely high rate as more devices gained capacity to access the internet.The first super-computer was built in 1995. This computer had the capacity to handle work that would take a single person thousands of years in a matter of seconds.And so came the 21st Century This is when the world was first introduced to the term Big Data by Roger Mougalas. In the same year (2005), Yahoo created the now open-source Hadoop with the intention of indexing the entire World Wide Web. Today, Hadoop is used by millions of businesses to go through colossal amounts of data.During this period, social networks were rapidly increasing and large amounts of data were being created on a daily basis. Businesses and governments alike began to establish big data projects. For example, in 2009 in the largest biometric database ever created, the Indian government stored fingerprint and iris scans of all of its citizens. Eric Schmidt gave a speech at the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe, California in 2010. In his speech he presented that there were 5 exabytes of data stored since the beginning of time up to the year 2003. Eric Schmidt possibly could not imagine that by the year 2016, the same amount of data would normally be created every two days. The rate at which big data is growing does not seem to be slowing down either. Over the past number of years, there have been various organizations that have come up in an attempt to deal with big data, for example, HCL. These organizations’ business is aiding other businesses to understand big data. Everyday more and more businesses are moving towards the acceptance and exploitation ofbig data.Although it seems like big data has been around for a long time now and that we are getting closer to the pinnacle, big data may just be at its formidable stages. Big data in the near future may end up making big data now seem like a poultry amount.What does t he Future HoldThere you go; that was a brief history of Big Data. Looking into history can give us a minor insight into the future. Two decades ago, businesses that possessed information were the most successful whilst today, the most successful businesses are the ones that interpret and use the information in the best way.It may be fair to assume that in the future, the success of businesses will not only lie in those who analyze and implement big data the best, but also those who use big data to their greatest advantage and make strategic decisions for the future.Learn why most big data projects will fail.[slideshare id=55470639doc=5signsyourbigdataprojectisdoomedtofail11-151124163153-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]APPLICATION OF BIG DATA IN THE WORLD TODAYIndustry influencers agree that big data has become a game changer in just about all modern industries in the last couple of years. As big data continues to influence our daily lives, there has been a shift of interest in the subject. T he focus has changed from simply trying to grasp the concept of this phenomenon to finding tangible value in its application.For most of us, I am sure the term Big Data inspires the image of rows of humming servers and a sequence of flickering lights. Big data, however, persists beyond the storage of information. There are several areas in which big data is being applied; the following section presents you with the most prominent areas in which big data applies today.In Understanding and Targeting ConsumersThis is among the most popular and publicized areas in which big data is being used. In business, big data helps your business to analyze data and better understand the consumers’ behaviors and interests. Your business ought to expand beyond its traditional data sets. By incorporating the use of data obtained from social media, browser logs, and sensor data, you will be able to get a clearer picture of what your consumers need. Once you understand this, your business will be bet ter positioned to create predictive models and position itself to meet consumer needs.Big data can, therefore, apply in analyzing and understanding your audience’s interests. For example, some people are even of the opinion that President Obama’s second election win was due to his team’s superior ability to use big data analytics to understand the audience’s interests and appeal to them. In theory, this is plausible, and big data can be used to predict and influence even events as big and important as government elections. How much more so for your business?Self OptimizationBig data does not only apply to your business, but can also apply to you as an individual. You can now benefit from data generated by devices such as smart watches. These devices have the capacity, for example, to monitor the amount of calories you intake in a day, your activity level, as well as your sleep patterns. While the real-time information may be exciting to observe, for example, your calorie int ake at the end of the day, the real value lies in analyzing your collective data.With the analysis of data collected from you over a certain period of time, you will be able to make adjustments in your personal life in order to be more productive, to eat healthy, to acquire sufficient amounts of sleep, and so forth.Improvement of HealthcareThis is another area where big data has played and continues to play a major role. For example, computing big data enables health providers to analyze and decode DNA issues in a matter of minutes. Big data will also allow us to discover diseases faster than would be possible without it. On top of this, big data allows healthcare providers to predict the patterns of diseases and, therefore, measures can be set up to prevent further spread of the diseases.Apple launched a health app known as ResearchKit. Through such an application, researchers can collect data from individual phones to be compiled for various health studies. For example, as a patie nt your device may prompt you to indicate how you feel about treatment services.This data along with that gathered from thousands, if not millions, of other participants will reveal information that compels medical practitioners step up the quality of their services. Data gathered from this application and similar ones, can be used to gather information on specific diseases. For example, information on patients of terminal illnesses can be compiled to be used in the furtherance of research.In addition, big data is already in use in the monitoring of babies who are premature or sick. Through the recording of each heartbeat as well as the breathing pattern of the babies brought to the unit, infections are detectable way before the onset of physical symptoms. This way, treatment is administered early because every hour counts with such fragile babies. This prompt administration of treatment, therefore, increases the babies’ chances of survival.Security and Law Enforcement Improvement Another sector where big data is heavily applied is in the enhancement and enablement of law enforcement. Governmental institutions, for example, the NSA in the United States use big data to detect and deter potential terrorist activities. In business, on the other hand, big data analytics can be used for the prevention of cyber attacks and unauthorized access. For the police department, big data tools enable the officers to predict and deter criminal activities.In 2014, the Chicago Police Department in Illinois, United States, sent out officers to pay a visit to persons that had been identified as most likely to commit crimes. This group of people was generated by a computer through the analysis of big data. The officers visited the individuals on their list, not to interrogate or detain them but to offer them information about jobs and training programs.The officers also educated these individuals on the consequences of certain crimes and their dynamics. As much as the intentions of the police department were sincere, the exercise was quickly shut down when the public opined that the exercise was ‘profiling’. I recognize the importance of security but I have to agree with that opinion.IN CONCLUSIONAlthough the era of big data has only recently begun, businesses and governments alike are already taking advantage of it. However, big data can be misused, for example, the Chicago Police Departments initiative in following up on people who were identified as potential criminals through big data analysis may have been done with the best of intentions.Nonetheless, the initiative can still be considered profiling and a tool through which people can be stigmatized for who they are or their past mistakes.   However, big data may very well be a double edged sword because through monitoring of social media activity and analyzing people’s likes and interests in big data, terrorist attacks can be averted. Yet this is also an invasion of privacy. Despite this downsid e, the benefits of big data carry much more weight and its applications in business, health, governance, and beyond should be encouraged.Big data has been slowly developing over the last few centuries and in the course of the past decade, big data has quickly evolved to become what we know it to be today. One vital point to note is that big data is not only about accumulating and storing massive amounts of information but, more importantly, utilizing that information to solve issues in business as well as in our society.Big data seems to evolve simultaneously with advancement in technology. Therefore, as we advance in technology, big data will continue to grow as a field and in volume, possibly to levels we cannot even fathom right now.

London Museums

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5724 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Tourism Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The future of Londons museums The following research paper investigates the present condition of London’s museums, focusing upon three aspects: their historical development, their present issues and debates, and their strategies for ensuring future survival and prosperity. To ascertain these facts five senior management figures from five leading London museums were interviewed and asked to complete questionnaires discussing the themes mentioned above. The research focuses at much length upon the decision of the present Labour government to introduce free admission to London’s museums and to finance this policy with funds from the National Lottery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "London Museums | Tourism Dissertation" essay for you Create order Another key aspect of the research was to determine the level of competition posed to London’s museums by European, American and other international museums; further, to discover how London’s museums might raise their performance to match this competition. In addition, another type of competition faced by London’s museums is that of domestic attractions perceived by tourists and the public to be more sensational and exciting than ‘old-fashioned’ museums. Famous examples include the London Eye, Madam Taussards, and the Tower of London amongst others; these attractions fit well with the zeitgeist of modern British youth and it is a major problem for London’s museums as to how they will re-assert their prominence. A third central aspect of the research, viewed both from the sides of museum management and from the government, is the question of the strategies that London’s museums will pursue in the twenty-first century. The survival and success of London’s museums will very much depend upon the decisions made regarding such strategy and its efficacy once put into place. The present research assesses the likely efficacy of such strategies, and the consequences that their implementation will have upon the public’s ‘museum experience’. The results of the research paint double-sided picture: on the side, of optimism regarding the increased admissions figures witnessed since free admissions began, and, on the other side, a gloomy scene dominated by the London museums’ lack of financial support and by the negative consequences of the government insistence of putting attendance figures before a qualitative artistic and cultural experience. Section 1: Introduction Since the foundation of the British Museum almost two hundred and fifty years ago, London has had an international reputation as the museum capital of the world, as the city with the finest collections, the best specialists and the most to offer the fascination of the public. In addition to the British Museum, London can boast the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the London Transport Museum, the Victoria Albert Museum and the Theatre Museum amongst numerous other world-class museum-experiences. In their early decades London’s museums flourished through the generosity of private donations and gifts, and through royal and government funding; these ample resources gave museums such as the British Museum unrivalled funds for the construction of magnificent architecture and the gathering of the most splendid specimens and pieces from across the globe. But by the early 1990’s, and reflecting Britain’s changed economic circumstances, London’s museums found themselves in need of considerable new funds to pay for refurbishments and developments so as to keep pace with other museums in the capital cities of Europe and in America. The advent of the National Lottery in 1994, and the terms of its constitution whereby a majority of its funds would go to museums and galleries, apparently offered the very chance to bring about a revival in the fortunes and prosperity of London’s museums. Thus between 1994-2003 more than  £13 billion was given to good causes by the National Lottery and the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3);  £1 billion was given to six hundred museums across the country (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3). These funds were intended for the construction of new buildings and exhibition halls, and to compensate museums and galleries for the loss of revenue that they would incur once free admission was introduced. A few smaller museums were also enabled to open in London because of grants from the HLF. The next radical step in the recent history of London’s museums came when the Labour Party in their 1997 manifesto, promised that when elected they would introduce free admission into London’s museums a move that it was anticipated would greatly increase attendance from members of the general public. In the event, this prediction turned out to be just right, particularly in the two years immediately succeeding the introduction of free admission. The government minister then in charge of museums in 2001, Estelle Morris, spoke of 2000 as ‘an unprecedented season of openings and flourishing’ (DOC, 2000) for London museums. The year 2000 witnessed nine major construction or refurbishment projects in London’s great museums and a total of  £379 million spent on this ( £193 million of which came from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.4). The most spectacular of these projects was the construction by Norman Foster of the G reat Court at the British Museum costing  £110 million (of which  £47 million was derived from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.5). All in all, it seemed that the lottery was proving a vital fertilizing force in the rejuvenation and restoration of London’s great museums. This optimism was very clearly reflected in the visitor figures following free admission. In 2001/2002 London museums that had previously received capital funding from lottery sources noticed a staggering rise in visitor numbers of 5.3 million when compared with the 1999/2000 season; in 2002/2003 this figure jumped again to 6.3 million extra visits compared with 1999/2000 (this representing an increase of 89%). In stark contrast London museums that did not receive lottery funding say they annual attendance figure drop by 7% in 2001/02 and 13% in 2002/03 when compared to the 1999/00 season. To take an individual instance, the Victoria Albert Museum witnessed an increase in attendance from 75, 773 in November 2000 to 132,882 in November 2001 (this figure even jumped 270% by March 2002). Likewise, attendance figures at the Science Museum rose by 120% and the National History Museum by 74% in the same period (All figures: Selwood Davies, 2005: pp. 6-10). Nonetheless, this stream of incessantly impressive and rising admissions figures masked a major concern unsettling many of the managers and director’s of London’s leading museums. These figures of course welcomed lottery funding as a vital means of rejuvenating London’s museums and making them competitive with museums found in New York, Paris, Berlin and elsewhere. Nonetheless, the advent of free admission introduced at the same time a far greater degree of vulnerability and uncertainty in the financial arrangements and security of London’s museums. It was obvious to museum strategists and directors that a great deal of lottery money would be needed to compensate for the loss of revenue en dured once free admission was introduced. Crucially, it would be paramount that lottery contributions of the levels of 2001 would be sustained for the long-term; nothing would be worse that one spectacular year for two of prosperity and massive investment followed by ten or twenty years of under investment and decline. It is recent charge imputed by many museum directors against the government and the HLF directors that they were naà ¯ve in profoundly underestimating the levels of investment that would e required to sustain not only the rejuvenation of London’s museums but merely also their survival. The British Museum alone, for instance, according to its director Neil MacGregor stands to lose  £80 million over ten years from lost revenues and reclaimed VAT. Increased attendance figures are welcomed naturally by all museum directors on the absolute condition that sufficient funds are made available to pay the costs of this increased attendance. Selwood and Davies calcu lated that since the advent of free admission and 7.3 million extra visitors each of these visitors cost London’s museums on average  £3.56 per visitor  £3.56 extra that has to be found by the museums from non-lottery funding (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.8). Thus free admission has had a bitter sting in its tale, and it may be said that presently a great many of London’s famous museums find themselves in financial difficulties, unable to pay for restorations and improvements; unable to compete with American and European museums for the finest pieces and exhibitions, unable to attract the brightest researchers and curators and ultimately in danger of losing the great reputations that some have nurtured for as long as two centuries. It is clear to all, museum directors and government officials alike, that the present funding arrangements of London’s museums are precarious and that a serious strategy needs to be devised to offer such museums long-term financi al security and thus a platform to compete with the other leading museums of the world. This present dissertation conducted interviews, by way of questionnaires with five senior figures from five of London’s leading museums the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, the London Transport Museum and the V A museum to ascertain their thoughts and attitudes regarding the present state and the likely future state of London’s museums. These senior figures were questioned on their beliefs regarding the lottery funding of museums, on the advent of free admission, on the extent of government funding, on international competition, and on future strategy. The picture that emerges from these interviews is one of profound uncertainty over the future survival and prosperity of London’s museums; buffeted on the one side by the loss of revenue from free admission, and on other sides by the short-fall in promised lottery investment and the prese nt government’s obsession with the quantitative aspect of museum attendance at the expense of the quality of the visitor’s experience. Section 2: Literature Review It perhaps appropriate to preface this literature review with a few remarks about its undertaking. Often when undertaking research that refers to relatively recent events, the researcher finds that the academic world has not yet had time to catch-up in print and publish scholarly books and articles covering these events. With the present research however the proposition was entirely opposite; even though the subjects of lottery funding, free admission and so on are relatively recent, there is nonetheless an abundance of literature dealing with the specific question of the future of London’s museums. The task of the researcher was thus to sift this material so as to isolate its most pertinent and relevant parts. Another unusual aspect of this present literature review is its wide use of government documents and announcements. An overriding theme throughout the present paper is the intimacy of the relationship between the government and museum managers and directors. Natura lly, the government perspective upon events is not published through academic books and journals, but by speeches, white-papers, press releases and so on. This research of course made much use of the outstanding museum journals, pre-eminently Curator: The Museum Journal. Of the several articles from this journal used in this dissertation, one was of seminal importance in providing statistical and analytical evidence of the impact of lottery funding and free admission upon London’s museums, this being: S. Selwood and M. Davies (2005) ‘Capital Costs: Lottery Funding in Britain and Consequences for Museums. The article excellently articulates the dilemma that has crept upon London’s museums now that the inadequacy of lottery funding to meet extra visitors numbers has become apparent. There are hints in the above article to possible solutions to the funding crisis facing London’s museums, and these solutions are discussed in greater depth in R. Baronâ₠¬â„¢s ‘Reinventing a State Program for Museum Funding’ (2003). Question marks as to the thoroughness and efficacy in practice of the government’s free admissions policy is raised in several places: Freudenheim’s ‘That Politics Problem’ (2005), Babbidge’s ‘UK Museums; Safe and Sound? (2000) and Sharp’s ‘Controversy and Challenge: British Funding Increases Nationally, But Not to National Museums’ all echo the apprehensiveness and fear felt by many museum directors and staff towards the financial liabilities that would arise in the wake of free admissions (2006). Freudenheim, in particular, highlights a certain naivety in government’s attitude towards the workings of national museums; citing in particular the government’s inveterate insistence upon the increasing of admissions figures no matter what the effects of this upon either museum costs or the aesthetic museum-experience of visitors. The government’s position, and its obvious delight and sense of fulfilment at increased attendance figures since free admission, is given in a number of documents. Principally, the paper London Cultural Capital – Realising the Potential of a World Class City published by the London’s Museums Agency (2004) establishes the governments intentions and strategy towards the future of London’s museums. The paper gives fifteen government policies, under the headers value, access, creativity, and excellence by which the government’s museum strategies will be delivered in future. The government, in association with the National Lottery, has written in several places of its satisfaction at the results of the introduction of the policy of free admissions. In particular, the paper One Year On Visitor Numbers Soaring At National Museums Following Abolition Of Entry Charges published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1 January 2003 gives a sense of the euphoria and achievement perceived by the government. Also, the paper Two Years On Free Admission to National Museums Draws Even Bigger Crowds again published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport on 9 March 2003 gives much the same impression. In each of these documents the government stresses its loyalty and commitment to the principle of free admission and to the extension of this principle as far as possible. At the same time, there is little reference in these documents to the nervousness and trepidation felt by museum directors and managers about the future prosperity of the institutions they preside over. It is in this absence of self-criticism, that the reader perceives the origins of the discrepancy between that government’s perception of the financial condition of London’s museums and the reality of their condition. The possible consequences of such as disparity increasing, and of a competition gap widening between London’s museums an d those in America and Europe, are well delineated in Cain’s article ‘Museums and the Future of Collecting’ (2005). In short, the extant literature paints the present picture of London’s museums as a time of grave uncertainty with respect to their financial predicament and thus their world-class legacies and reputations. These sources also acknowledge the considerable benefits already brought by lottery funding and free admission, and point also to the great future potential of these schemes; they instil in the reader at the same time a warning that idealism must be checked by pragmatic considerations before London’s museums can attain the future they deserve. Section 3: Methodology The principal method of primary data collection for this research was the interviewing, by way of questionnaires, of several senior figures at five of London’s leading museums. The decision to interview senior management and directing figures, rather than members of the public, had the obvious advantage that the answers obtained would be the specialist opinions of people with an intimate knowledge of the subject matter of the research. Members of the general public, especially those living in London, often show much interest and curiosity towards the subject of the prosperity and fate of London’s museums, but at the same time are not professionals with direct experience of the key debates and consultations. To arrange these five meetings, the researcher wrote fifteen letters to major London museums. Of these fifteen requests for an interview, seven positive responses were returned to the interviewer, of which five eventually furnished the opportunity of an inter view. In requesting these interviews letters were sent to the director of each museum, irregardless of the sex, race, or religion of the person. Of the five eventual interviewees, three were men and two women; their ages ranged between forty-one and sixty-three. At the behest of interviewees, all of whom preferred to speak off the record due to the sensitivity of many of the issues of discussion, neither their names nor their titles are given in the final publication of this research. Thus, in the transcripts presented in the appendix of this research, each of the five interviewees are referred to as ‘a senior figure’ and ascribed a coded number following the simple scheme 001-002-003-004-005. This sensitivity, arising from the various present tensions over funding between London museums, the HLF and the government, clearly raises certain ethical questions about the present research. Above all, is it permissible to expose senior figures to possible embarrassment o r worse, for the sake of the findings of this research. In answer to this question, the present researcher would say two things: firstly, that explicit consent for every interview was obtained by the researcher before the commencement of each interview, thus all interviewees participated at their own volition; secondly, following Utilitarian principles of seeking ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’, the researcher decided that the possible positive benefits and improved public understanding of the topic that might arise from this research could justify the slight ethical risks associated with the carrying-out of this research. It is a belief of the researcher that by informing the academic community and the public of the chief issues and controversies now affecting London’s museums, that the debate generated from this knowledge will lead to greater consideration on all sides being shown towards the preservation and improvement of London’s world- famous reputation as a museum centre. A number of criticisms may be levelled at the methodology discussed in this section. Firstly, it might be asked, with some justification, whether or not the interviewing of only five museum figures can produce results characteristic of attitudes and opinions of London’s museums as a whole. Naturally, critics might ask how the researcher can infer from the collection of five opinions general trends governing the many hundreds and thousands of senior figures working for the management of London’s museums. Likewise, why does the report interview exclusively figures from museum management and not from the government or from the National Lottery? In response to the first question the reply must be that with limited resources and limited time, it seemed most prudent to the researcher to restrict the field of investigation to a narrow focus, where the results obtained could be subjected to a significant scrutiny and analysis someth ing which resource constraints would have rendered impossible had the field been extended much wider. Moreover, whilst only five persons were interviewed, these figures preside over London’s five largest museums which between them see greater attendance figures and government investment than all of London’s other museums combined. Thus the opinions of the figures interviewed actually are far more representative of London as a whole than would first appear likely. In response to the second question, a similar answer might be given: only museum directors were interviewed because they are the persons with the most intimate knowledge of the matters under discussion. If the present researcher were in future to extend the present research, then the opinions of others outside of museum management would certainly have to be included. As it was, the present report incorporates sufficient expert opinion, to make its findings relevant to the better academic and public understa nding of the issues affecting the future of London’s museums. Section 4: Results Analysis The aim of the present research was to investigate the likely future of London’s museums; this research was undertaken by way of interviews with five senior figures from five leading London museums. From the information gained from the literature review undertaken by the researcher it seemed most appropriate to question these museum directors on five main subjects: lottery funding, the advent of free admission, international competition, future strategy and the employment of new researchers and curators. The expectation of the researcher was that the general opinion of these senior figures would have initially been one of welcome to the proposed lottery funding, but that this initial welcome would have turned to mild scepticism in the wake of free admission and the provocation of severe uncertainty following the extra costs incurred by increased visitor numbers and lesser-than-expected lottery investment. What opinions then did these results produce in actuality? (1) L ottery Funding. The five interviewed senior figures unanimously (5 of 5) welcomed the original government proposals to aid London’s and Britain’s museums through funds made available by the national lottery. Museums such as the British Museum, with its newly built Great Court, was given considerable lottery funding amounting to  £47 million (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.3). Museum directors were quick to concede that such developments would have been impossible without these lottery funds or an extremely large, but unlikely, private donation. In short, museum directors were united in their praise for proposed lottery investment. (2) Free Admission. The chief feature of the respondents’ answers to questions posed about free admission were twofold: on the one hand, respondents welcomed the opportunity to open their doors to ever greater numbers of people, thus disseminating cultural and scientific experience as far as possible; on the other hand, words such as à ¢â‚¬Ëœapprehension’ and ‘scepticism’ were used liberally by nearly all of those interviewed. What most strongly prompted this apprehension was the ‘twining’ of free admission introduction with the compensation for lost revenue by lottery funding. Directors confided that when allowed to charge admission fees their museums did at least have a degree of self-sufficiency and so could determine their own future strategies and successes. But lottery funding conditioned by the introduction of free admission policies has subjected London’s museums to a profound financial vulnerability and loss of independence. These museums, now depend upon the HLF for often as much a half of their income; if controversies or difficulties arise with the lottery directors or with the ministers directing them, then the museums are forced to abide by outside instruction and policy. Moreover, the great fear that lottery investment would not be sustained appears to have come true for all of the five museums whose for whom senior figures were interviewed for this research. So too, insufficient lottery funding has been made available to compensate for the extra costs incurred by the vastly increased visitor numbers experienced after the introduction of free admission. Interviewees hinted at a certain naivety and lack of preparation on the part of ministers and lottery managers with respect to the projected visitor increases following free admission and the costs that would be incurred by this. (3) International Competition. On the question of international competition there was further unanimity of opinion amongst the senior figures interviewed. Each respondent vigorously asserted that the collections of the museums he or she presided over as a manager were the equal of any equivalent museum anywhere in the world. Managers from the British Museum and the Natural History Museum, not to mention others, could rightly boast that their reputations wer e pre-eminent amongst international museums. At the same time, three of the figures interviewed (the exceptions presided over specialist museums with little international competition) confided that many American and European museums simply had far better funding and so purchasing-power than their own London museums. For the immediate future, this gap will mean that these international museums will continue to purchase new pieces of exceptional public interest whilst London’s museums will have to remain content with their existing impressive but static collections. In the medium- and long-term future, if this purchasing disparity continues then a qualitative difference will emerge ever more clearly between the museums of London and those of America and Europe. (4) Recruitment. When embarking upon the present research the researcher did not anticipate that ‘the difficulty of recruiting new researchers and curators’ would be a major concern to London’s mus eums regarding their futures. Nonetheless, as the searching through the literature review proceeded and as the topic came into better perspective this problem seemed to be a central concern for several of the major London museums. Specialist museums like the V A and the Theatre Museum do not, according to results, face such problems; but senior figures from the Natural History Museum, the British Museum and the Science museum may all face crises over recruitment in the near future. According to these figures the recruitment of new staff has been a subject neglected by the government in their ceaseless quest for higher admission figures and in ‘measuring the value’ of a museum-goers’ experience. The science museum can no longer attract top scientists and researchers because they are paid so little:  £20,000 as a starting salary, peaking at  £50,000 ( ). Commercial companies and American museums offer far better salaries and improved facilities. If this â⠂¬Ëœbrain-drain’ continues for much longer, then it may prove to be the greatest of all dangers to the future prosperity of London’s museums. These institutions are sustained not only by their pieces and specimens, but by the care and expertise of their curators and other staff; it is this expertise and the respect that arises from it that gives these institutions their world-class reputations. If this expertise evaporates, then no amount of increased admission or funding or improved strategy will protect the legacies and future prosperity of London’s museums. But towards the re-capture and enticement of these experts the government and the lottery fund seem somewhat blinded; given the extent to which London’s museums now rely upon government funding, it is precisely with the government that the responsibility lies for providing sufficient funding for home-grown and international experts to crave as they used to the opportunity to work in the prestigio us museums of London. (5) Future Strategy. The senior figures interviewed for this research are nearly as one when they declare that future strategy has to be built around the attainment of financial stability; this is to be sought through an improved, more efficient and more effective relationship with the government and the HLF. A better balance has to be struck between the government’s ardent desire for ever increased admissions and the practical and pragmatic methods by which these extra admissions, dragging with them their extra costs, will be paid for. If a resolution and balancing is not achieved here then the obvious and inevitable path down which London’s museums must slide is that of ever greater debt and so lesser purchasing-power for new pieces and so a general decline in the standing and reputation of London’s museums. The reality of this predicament is brought home, even as this dissertation is written-up, by the announcement today of the Lon don Theatre Museum (BBC, 2006) that they face imminent closure unless a major cash injection from the lottery fund is received. The alternative strategies are these: firstly, an abrupt about-face by the museums whereby they begin to charge for admission. This path is unattractive as there are numerous legislative, ethical and civil obstacles to this policy’s reinstatement. Another alternative is increased public funding from a source other than the lottery; this however looks most unlikely in the short-term. Thus, setting aside the remote chance that a massive private donation will save them, museums must, in their strategising come to agreement with the government about how extra funding from the lottery may be obtained. In short, the results obtained from this present research point to two things: firstly, that senior figures from the five museums interviewed welcomed in general lottery funding as a means to achieve rejuvenation and restoration; secondly, that this op timism changed to apprehension and tentativeness once it became clear the extent to which lottery funding would be dependant upon free admissions policies. Thirdly, it is obvious from all the interviews, that London’s museums are at a cross-roads and a defining moment in their illustrious history. To the left, is the danger of an ever greater financial disparity caused by increasing visitor figures and inadequate lottery funding; to the right is offered a sound financial structure that will ensure the continuation and prosperity of London’s museums’ world-class reputation. Section 5: Conclusion In the final analysis, it seems most appropriate to say that London’s museums are now at a seminal moment in their historical development a moment of both opportunity and precariousness. The opportunities promised by massive lottery funding at first seemed likely to engender a great rejuvenation of London’s museums; indeed, this new source of funding promised to keep London’s museums competitive with the other great museums of the world for the foreseeable future. The advent of free admission was met with both tentativeness and warmth by the senior figures interviewed by this researcher; apprehension because free admission, and thus loss of revenue from admission charges, meant a far greater degree of dependence upon the government and the LHF and thus greater financial uncertainty. If the new relationship between lottery funding and free admission worked in practice as some had suggested in theory that it would, then London’s museums would have a br ight and perhaps glorious future. If, on the other hand, the organization and administration of lottery funding was inadequate or improperly practised then a disparity would open between increasing admissions numbers and the ability of museums to pay the extra costs of these visitors. In the event, both expectations and fears were realised by the introduction of free admission in London’s museums. As the figures cited throughout this dissertation attest, visitor figures rose spectacularly in the wake of free admission. Greater numbers of the British general public and international visitors than ever before were able to receive the cultural and scientific treasures of London’s great museums. Nonetheless, once the honeymoon period had waned, it became clear to many museum managers and directors that insufficient lottery funds were being supplied to compensate for loss of revenue incurred after the dropping of admissions charges and after the increase of visitors a lso from this policy. In the years since free admission was introduced, London’s museums have acquired ever greater deficits on their balance sheets. This lack of funding has, in the opinions of the persons interviewed for this research, one principal cause: the inadequacy of the preparation and the superficiality of vision of the government when hastily making arrangements for the lottery funded policy of free admission. Moreover, this lack of funding has three further detrimental and deleterious effects: firstly, London’s museums can no longer compete with major American and European museums in the purchasing and acquiring of major new pieces; as such, in the long-term these museums will be able to attract fewer visitors. Secondly, London’s museums cannot purchase enough spectacular pieces to tempt tourists and British youngsters away from other London attractions such as Madam Taussards, the London Eye, the Millennium Bridge. If this double-draining (to wards other museums and other attractions) of museum audiences continues then they will be caught in the vicious circle of too few visitors and so too little money to buy attractive new exhibits. Thirdly, lack of funding is leading to a further ‘brain-drain’ to America and the commercial sector of talented young curators and scientists who cannot find matching salaries in London. If this drain continues for much longer then London’s museums will seriously jeopardise their reputations. It is evident from the literature reviewed and from the senior figures interviewed, that the strategic solutions needed to provide financial stability for London’s museums must be built around the development of a better working relationship and better communication between the government, the HLF and museum managements. Paramount, is the question of how the extra costs incurred due to increased visitor numbers are to be adequately met from lottery funds. Museum directo rs might rightly point out and in so doing they would have the sympathy of great swathes of the general public that a far greater quantity of lottery finding might be made available if less were spent on the often dubious causes which the National Lottery presently seems devout to supply. If the effort to forge an improved relationship with the LHF and government fails, then London’s museums have few viable strategic options. One possibility is a return to the charging of admission fees; such a move would however face considerable government and public opposition. A change of government might facilitate such a move, or might even lead to an improved relationship between itself and museum directors. The only other option and this is more of a hope than an expectation or strategy is of some massive private donation or endowment to support London’s museums. Even if such an endowment were given to a single institution such as the British Museum or the Natural Histor y museum, such an endowment would not offer a solution to London’s other museums. If however the government-museums relationship succeeds then the two other major problems of recruitment difficulties and international competition will disappear since these problems are the result of financial difficulties. Abruzzo, James. (1998). ‘Museum Strategy and Marketing’. Curator, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1998, pp. 279-282. Baron, R. (2003). ‘Reinventing a State Program for Museum Funding’. Curator, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2003, pp. 19-36. Babbidge, A. ‘UK Museums; Safe and Sound?, Cultural Trends 37, , 2000 Cain, V. (2005). ‘Museums and the Future of Collecting’. Curator, Vol. 48, 2005 pp. 339-342. Freudenheim, T. L. (2005). ‘That Politics Problem’. Curator, Vol. 48, 2005, pp 372-377. Genoways, H. (1998). ‘Museum Ethics’. Curator, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1998, pp. 282-285. Heritage Lottery Fund. (2005). Museums and Ga lleries: 10 Years of Heritage Lottery Funding’. National Museums and Galleries: Funding and Free Admission, first report of session 2002-2003, House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee One Year On Visitor Numbers Soaring At National Museums Following Abolition Of Entry Charges, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1 January 2003 Quirk, R (et. al.). (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. (2nd Ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. Season of millennium museum project openings most impressive ever seen in UK, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 20 January 2000. Sharp, L. (2006). ‘Controversy and Challenge: British Funding Increases Nationally, But Not to National Museums’. Curator, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006, pp. 55-65. Selwood, S Davies, M. (2005). ‘Capital Costs: Lottery Funding in Britain and Consequences for Museums. Curator, Vol. 48, 2005, pp. 439-467. Thackray, J Press, B. (2001). The Natural History Museum: Natureâ⠂¬â„¢s Treasure House. The Natural History Museum, London. The London Museums Agency. (2004). London Cultural Capital – Realising the Potential of a World Class City. Two Years On Free Admission to National Museums Draws Even Bigger Crowds, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 9 March 2003

The Franklin Road Church Youth Groups Are More Than Just a...

The Franklin Road Church of Christ youth group consists of youth of all ages. The group is divided into three subgroups: Tots for Christ (TFC), Kids for Christ (KFC), and the Senior Youth Group (SYG). In particular, for this essay I will be explaining how the Senior Youth Group is a discourse community. Franklin Road’s SYG consists of the ages 11-18. Within the group we do various things such as going to youth retreats, youth conferences, and many more; just to name a few. The group has been around for many years, all the way back to when my parents were kids. I have been a member of SYG ever since I was a baby; therefore I have enough knowledge about how this group in fact is a discourse community according to John Swales six criteria.†¦show more content†¦He expresses that â€Å"the goal of the group is to help youth become better leaders in the church as a Christian† (Stewart). The goal of SYG is tacit. This is because the goal is not written down but it is known by all members and is something that is stressed, especially to new members. The way that it is stressed and communicated is by constantly reminding the members to always have a Christian attitude, to support one another, to be leaders, and to set good examples for younger youth. The longer you are in the group it becomes something that you just know, it’s like embedded in you. This happens because after hearing it repeatedly over the years it becomes something you know like the back of your hand. In order for a group to be successful at fulfilling its goal it needs to have some form of communication. Which leads to Swales’ second criterion of a discourse community, the group should have â€Å"mechanisms of intercommunication among its members† (471). What Swales means by this is that the group must have ways that they communicate with each other: such as email, meetings, social media, and texting. 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UK software industry Free Essays

In the business world strategic positioning has become an unavoidable endeavor as businesses look for every means of improving their competitive advantage. In such a business environment, a much reliable reprieve can be found in the adaptation of analysis models by organizations in their marketing campaigns. PEST analysis models have been utilized by organizations all over the world to determine or predict future trends in business as well as to take preemptive measures to avoid running into losses (Charles, Hill, Jones, 2006p. We will write a custom essay sample on UK software industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9-98),. Below is a PEST analysis of UK’s software industry. Political factors The political changes in the UK really do impact negatively on the software industry, although of late, there has been a concerted effort to enact legislation to curb software piracy which has been termed as one of the greatest threats to the industry. Currently the anti-piracy law of UK prohibits and sets forth legal measures against perpetrators of the crime and it is anticipated that this will stamp out the vice that is so rife in the UK. From a global perspective, different political scenarios in different countries where the software industry market their products also impacts on the performance of the industry, for instance, the software industry is affected negatively when other countries which have been traditionally markets for UK software companies change to competitors for instance China and India. This is usually occasioned by regime change in those countries. Gender equality has also had a significant influence of the industry I that, they have been forced to change their labor policies to reflect equal opportunities accorded to all genders. Economic Factors. Although there is a clear-cut difference between political factors and economic factors some happenings in political arenas have had an impact on the economic factors for instance legislation touching on taxation for software products. Currently the economic state in the UK is friendly and no signals point to the contrary. Relatively stable exchange rates, as well as low inflation levels, a steady income growth in the domestic market, have all contributed positively the growth of the sector in the UK and is projected to continue that way into the future. Social Factors. As these determine the buying behavior for customers, the UK market can be said to be mature in that, sales and demand for software products is on the increase, a trend that has continued for the past three years. The fact that, most software products are not viewed as hazardous and there fore are looked at as harmless has contributed to a positive growth of the software market in the UK. This can be evidenced by the fact that, people from all walks of life can purchase different software custom made. There have been few cases of major complaints form the society in terms of their usability and effectiveness of what is on offer in the market. This further strengthens the future position of the sector as far as viability and profitability are concerned. Technological Factors. Advances in this area especially as occasioned by computers, the internet, as well as well as cell phones, has had an impact on software industry in that, production has become cheaper than it would have been in the absence of the above. In the UK, majority of the software companies have invested heavily on technology and this has been reflected in surging profits. In conclusion, from the above analysis it is clear that, the future for software industry in the UK I bright and those businesses which shall capitalize themselves by taking a strategic position are more likely to thrive. How to cite UK software industry, Papers

The words Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

The words Shakespeare Essay Explore Shakespeares presentation of Caliban in The Tempest. How far do you accept that he is a thing of darkness?  Shakespeare very cleverly creates the character Caliban for The Tempest. Caliban is a very important part of the play. Caliban is a deformed creature, half man and half fish. Shakespeare portrays Caliban in a good way as well as a bad way. Two sides of him are shown, so the audience can decide whether they want to sympathise with him more or despise him more. Shakespeare at times makes Caliban seen as a creature with no feelings and at other times hes shown to have very strong emotions. What some may see as natural, healthy and good for the planet, others may see as rather smelly and uncivilised! Likewise, some generations of critics see Caliban as representing freedom, whilst others see him as merely savage and uncouth Caliban a creature of his times by Joanna Williams, the English review. We will write a custom essay on The words Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout the ages views towards Caliban have changed a lot, some audiences have sympathised with him whilst others have resented him. These views have all depended on the era and its views at the time. In the Enlightenment years (about 100 years after The Tempest was written) Caliban was seen as a beast but in the Romantic period (around the time of the French Revolution) Caliban was seen as a curiosity but also as natural and as a marvel. Coleridge wrote that The character of Caliban is wonderfully conceived: he is a sort of creature of the earthCaliban is a noble being: a man in the sense of imagination. In the Victorian times Caliban was seen as a slave but in the Post-colonial era he was seen as a victim. The psychoanalytical interpretation is neutral and looks at both sides of Caliban. The first time Caliban is mentioned is in Act 1 Scene 2 Well visit Caliban, my slaveTis a villain, sir, I do not love to look on, Prospero and Miranda say before the audience has met Caliban.  Calibans mother was a witch and his father a devil but does that make him evil? He couldnt help who his biological parents were and children are known to be sweet for their innocence, so it could be argued that he was born just as innocent. Then again being the son of a devil and a witch, he could have inherited evil, Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself. Calibans main speech in this scene is I must eat my dinner. This islands mine by Sycorax, my mother, which thou takst from me. When thou camst first thou strokst me and made much of me; wouldst give me water with berries int, and teach me how to name the bigger light and how the less that burn by day and night. And then I loved thee and showed thee all the qualities oth isle: the fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. Cursed be I that did so! All the charms of Sycorax toads, beetles, bats light on you, for I am all the subjects that you have, which first was mine own king; and here you sty me in this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me the rest oth island, this speech is really powerful as it shows Caliban to have emotions and then I loved thee but then he cursedfirst was mine own king then is ironic because before Prospero came along Caliban was just an animal, he didnt know about kingdom. Prospero taught him everything he knows and hes now using it against Prospero. Prospero accuses Caliban of trying to rape Miranda thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child and Calibans reaction is anger thou didst prevent me, I had peopled else this isle with Calibans. He accuses Prospero of stopping lots of little Calibans coming into the World. He didnt consider Prosperos efforts of trying to educate him before he tried to rape Miranda. The audience could sympathise with Caliban as hes lonely and needs affection, hes abused by his looks (targeted abuse on beastliness). As for his actions we could argue that his animal instinct won over the human instinct therefore he cant be blamed. .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .postImageUrl , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:hover , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:visited , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:active { border:0!important; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:active , .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202 .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud65ff9b6db74a79a80f78ed2be920202:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlets Human Nature EssayCaliban opens Act 2 Scene 2 with his soliloquy. All the infections that the sun sucks up from bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him by inchmeal a disease! His spirits hear me, and yet I needs must curse. But theyll nor pinch, fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me ith mire, nor lead me, like a firebrand in the dark, out of my way unless he bid em. But for every trifle are they set upon me: sometime like apes that mow and chatter at me and after bite me, then like hedgehogs which lie tumbling in my barefoot way and mount their pricks at my footfall. Sometime am I all wound with adders, who with cloven tongues do hiss me into madness. Lo n ow, lo, here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me for bringing wood in slowly. Ill fall flat; perchance he will not mind me. The language of this soliloquy is very powerful, its full of spite and hatred, Caliban isnt grateful for life. He hasnt ever seen happiness according to this soliloquy. T he structure is well organised in this verse, Shakespeare uses verse for either the main characters or the key scenes. Semantic fields are used, and the word choices are well thought out. Shakespeare uses descriptive details and a perfect choice of diction. The words Shakespeare uses are full of strong emotion; Shakespeare chose these words very carefully. Imagery is used. Alliteration is used such as hiss. Vivid verbs are used to express the action; physical pain is described as well. Its very articulate and persuasive. Its also interesting and elaborating. In the soliloquy Caliban wants Prospero to be inflicted with pain All the infections that the sun sucks up from bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him by inchmeal a disease! and Caliban is shown to be desperate His spirits hear me, and yet I needs must curse, he knows that he will be punished if he speaks against Caliban yet he still carries on. Caliban seems to be losing self-control, me into madness. Caliban makes Prospero sound petty by using animals such as hedgehogs to torture Caliban with because it looks like he uses every tiny little creature to hurt Caliban with. It sounds like hes exaggerating at some parts of this soliloquy to torment me for bringing wood in slowly and its only Calibans view therefore it could be biased. Caliban wants the audience on his side and he talks to them directly making it more personal. The soliloquy makes the reader feel sorry for Caliban even though hes constantly cursing and exaggerating, the extent of his punishments are really harsh and he has no freedom.