Breakeven & Business

Certain elements of business show that to achieve high profitability a better and diverse product mix will result in more capacity utilization. Therefore capacity utilization has a direct relation to profitability and product mix. This is because if capacity is fully utilized will the profit be reaching to the maximum as fixed costs will remain the same.However if the profit is to be further increased it is necessary to enhance the capacity as a result more capacity would need to be used to first cover the fixed costs of the new capacity installed. Similarly in one machine, a number of products can be made; therefore not all products will be made to the fullest as one product or the other production will be scarified. What companies try to achieve is the right product mix so that optimal profitability is achieved and therefore make the business more versatile.Though it is the decision of the person in charge to decide either to fully utilize the capacity using the most profitable pro duct or make a number of products to focus on product diversity rather than on profitability. (Source: Reliance Industries Limited, High Density Polyethylene Pipes Beyond Water Supply)References 1. Ms Poorvi C. Desai – Polymers, Reliance Industries Limited, High Density Polyethylene Pipes Beyond Water Supply. Retrieved on October 5, 2008, from http://www. polymerupdate. com/poorvidesai/pdf/HDPE_Pipes. pdf

Emily Dickinson Belonging- Belonging Can Enrich and Limitation

An Individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging. The desire to belong shapes and informs one’s existence. Whilst a sense of belonging attained through the relationships that we form with people and placet and allows us to feel an enriched sense of fulfilment and acceptance. from an individuals failure to form strong relationships can lead to a limited sense of belonging. relationships cerbates that sense of isolation and exclusion from their society/community.The concepts of both belonging and not belonging are both depicted, this notion is explored in the work of Emily Dickinson – especially in such poems as as â€Å"I had been hungry â€Å", â€Å"I gave myself to him† and â€Å"This is my letter†. Dickinson’s poetry reflects the people, time and place when she was writing, the early 19th century during the Romantic period. Her poems reveal the influences of one’s interaction with others and the world can have on the experiences of one’s inner self, their relationships and their interaction with the world, which may enrich or limit their experience of belonging.An enriched or limited experience of belonging of and individual’s interaction with others and the world may reveal significant truths of the individual. Dickinson scrutinized the inextricable links between orthodoxy, the formation of an individual’s identity and the agonizing paradox of belonging. This can be seen in â€Å"I had been hungry† which demonstrates the persona’s desire for acknowledgement and her Asceticism. â€Å"I looked in windows for the wealth, I could not hope for mine†, appears to be an anguished cry for inclusion and indicates her envy when looking in at those who have a sense of belonging. hough she finally acknowledges that while communion with others is tempting, she would lose too much of her natural self by conforming. The words, â€Å"Nor was I hungry, so I found†, reflects her longing to sample the bounty having been satisfied by her lack of hunger, she ironically returns to her solitary subsistence and inured to hard ships. In a similar manner, Dickinson’s â€Å" I gave myself to him† also reveals her thoughts on her sense of belonging.Through the despondency of her words, â€Å"Myself a poorer prove†, the use of alliteration stresses a sense of disillusionment and discontent that she does not belong dueperhaps to her inadequacy – or even her paradoxical reluctance to belong.. The enrichment or limitation of the experience of belonging is depicted in the work of Dickinson. Unpack the words of the question to show how Dickinson’s poetry really reflects her limitations. Relationships may be enriched or limited by the individual’s experience of belonging as clearly conveyed in Dickinson’s â€Å"I gave myself to him†.The poem is a meta phoric representation of a commitment and has a sense of ambiguity which draws out a variety of interpretations. â€Å"The solemn contract of life† the use of economic commodification portrays her relationship in possessive terms and the juxtaposition of solemn with contract highlights the duality of the marriage vows and Dickinson feels her unworthiness in serving her partner, The oxymoron â€Å"Sweet debt of life† suggests ambivalence which then further limits the individual’s sense of belonging with others. The further limitation of an individual’s experience of belonging is further conveyed in â€Å"This is my letter to the world. world that never wrote to me â€Å", it evoking a sense of loneliness and realization indicating that she is isolated. The limited interaction with others further highlights Dickinson’s limitations in her relationships and ultimately her sense of belonging. Ones experience of belonging is significantly influenced by their interaction with the world. Belonging come from being part of a group or tradition as can be seen in the work of Dickinson. The use of first person narration in, â€Å"I had been hungry all the years,† demonstrates her metaphoric hunger, a symbol of yearning for inclusion within society.The connotation of â€Å"curious,† in â€Å"And touched the curious wine,† suggests that the persona is unfamiliar with social interaction, and does not have a positive experience of belonging. And conveys a sense of discomfort and the feeling of awkwardness, through the use of simile and a negative connotation, â€Å"Myself felt ill and odd, as berry of a mountain bush,† The last lines reflect her longing to sample the bounty having been satisfied by her lack of hunger, she ironically returns to her solitary subsistence and inured to hardships. Nor was I hungry, so I found† she realizes that she wasn’t hungry for an inclusion within society. In a like manner in â€Å"This is my letter to the world†,†This is my letter to the world that never wrote to me†, this indicates that she feels indignant that the world seems to function without noticing her. Her petulant accusatory claim that no one ever communicates with her indicates that she begrudges or resents her invisibility to society thus, stating that the individual’s interaction with society may influence their experience of belonging.Overall, the interaction with other and the world around may reveal significant truths about the individual’s self, their relationships and society. As seen in the work of Emily Dickinson, that the interaction with other and society may enrich and limit the individuals experience of belonging. Good effort. Make sure you address the question clearly. Don’t use the words in the question incorrectly. Also; You will realise this is too long for your speech – so make sure you cut it down to allow for equal t reatment of related material.

Banana Republics Footwear

Banana Republic's footwear brand is Banana Republic. Banana Republic in Paragon of Orchard Road is more unique as it has only one store. The categories I will write are their footwear. Banap Republic is a subsidiary of Gap. The company was previously a catalog retailer specializing in hunting-themed clothing created by Mel and Patricia Ziegler. It eventually changed the name to a luxury clothing retailer. Banana Republic Banana Republic is a barrier-free luxury that offers modern, affectionate, relaxed and diverse styles for men and women all over the world. Banana Republic is designed for luxury at an affordable price. Banana republic products include clothing, handbags, jewelry, perfumes and eyeglasses. The Banana Republic was founded in 1978. Also, since 1997 Banana Republic Factory is operated. Banana Republic Factory Store sells high-end design and fashion at a high price. Banana is the most popular fresh fruit in the United States, related to Miss Kikita and Carmen Miranda, Ban ana Republic, and Banana Republic clothing store. But what does the increase in US banana consumption have on banana production areas in Central America? In this crisp and interdisciplinary study John Soluri combines agronomy, anthropology, political economy, and history to track the symbiotic growth of the export banana industry in Honduras and the mass market of American consumers. Since the banana 's first appearance in the American market in the 1870' s, Soluri examined the tension between small producers and shippers who led the early trade.

Question about Soviet Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question about Soviet Union - Essay Example Thesis statement: In the article ‘Everything you think you know about the collapse of the Soviet Union is wrong’ Leon Aron states that combination of economic, political and social factors accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union. The popular assumptions and misunderstandings upon the collapse of the Soviet Union According to Aron, popular assumptions upon the collapse of the Soviet Union are based upon misunderstandings. For instance, people misunderstood that American influence was behind the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990s. This is totally wrong because America did not expect rapid collapse of the Soviet Union. Aron (2011)opines that â€Å"There did not seem to be any other signs of a pre-revolutionary crisis either, including the other traditionally assigned cause of state failure -- external pressure† (p.2). To be specific, the leaders of the Communist Party in Soviet Union did not share information on the socio-political and economic scenarios. One cannot expect that the decline in GDP growth in 1980s did collapse the Soviet Union because people were conditioned to cope with problems. Besides, the financial problems faced by Soviet Union, related to the unexpected drop in oil price in 1980s did not harm her economy. There were less political problems in 9180s, so it cannot be considered as an important factor of the unexpected collapse of the Soviet Union. But the Afghan war exerted a little bit pressure upon the financial background of Soviet Union. Besides, Soviet Union cunningly suppressed the anti-communist uprisings in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland. In short, Soviet Union in 1980s was a global super power with less socio-economic and political problems. Aron (2011) opines that â€Å"Certainly, there were plenty of structural reasons -- economic, political, social -- why the Soviet Union should have collapsed as it did, yet they fail to explain fully how it happened when it happened † (p.2). The popular assump tions on the collapse of the Soviet Union were based upon misunderstandings and the questions on the collapse are still answerless to an extent. If America is not behind the rapid collapse of Soviet Union, and then, who is the mastermind behind the same? From a different angle of view, one can see that the aspiration of the people in Soviet Union to regain human dignity and individual liberty accelerated the collapse of Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the moral quest of individual freedom The author believes that it is important today to fully understand the collapse of the Soviet Union because more and more people are misjudging the scope of innovative measures adopted by Mikhail Gorbachev (say, perestroika and glasnost). Gorbachev considered that these political polices can renovate the Russian society to morality and liberalization. He very well knew that the Russians were fed up with the single party system in Soviet Union. First of all, Gorbachev decided to s eek answer to the moral problems faced by the people. The political policies like perestroika and glasnost, adopted by Gorbachev, were able to solve the social problems in the Russian society. For instance, perestroika restructured the Russian society, and glasnost accelerated openness towards innovation. Now, it is time to take steps to solve the economic problems faced by Russia. The Soviet Model did not help the Russian society to be free from lawlessness and corruption. Instead, it

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer questions - Assignment Example With regard to the young ones, it gave them a direction and dimension of future prospect, the men and women a way of living, and the servants the ultimate freedom from ages of slavery that was imbibed upon them in various forms from the time of their birth. It was a movement and activity that had cultural context and narrative and changed the overall mindset and allowed for more learning, free expression, declaration of rights of the common, and raising the voice against tyranny, oppression and undue power and authority that was long in practice for centuries over the common man. The plays, the art, the theaters, the governmental movements, the philosophies all were crafted and maneuvered in a totally unique way in form of Renaissance. Even in present day it serves as learning steep for those who study it from different angles. Why was Leonardo’s presence important in and to Milan? Leonardo Di Vinci was a center figure in the era of Renaissance and his presence around had an i mpact on the overall mindset and pattern of art that flourished and prevailed in that era. His presence gave the new ones the direction, the contemporary ones the motivation and the upcoming artists a hope and motivation in form of the purified form of art which he carried and gave it a new direction. Leonardo Di Vinci belonged to an era which was marked by massive changes and transitions in form of the mindset and overall art and artists. The last Supper and Milan: Milan is the proud beholder of the Last Supper which is more than a mere painting and has multiple dimensions ranging from the art to history to philosophy that prevailed over period of time. it holds significance with regard to the church and the general sense that prevailed at that time. Make list and give examples of the elements of theater texts that were necessary in the Renaissance and that they are now redundant? The theme of the texts and painting was humanism, deism, rebellion, revolt and freedom; all this is cl early evident in the work of Renaissance and that era. Landscape, composition of figures through the sculpture, plaster and other means of art, use of fresco, portraits, nudism, freedom and salvation were few of the elements. The theater in itself was sufficiently strong enough and conveyed the general sense, mood and tempo of that era and the people which was exactly being demanded by them. Poetic expression in the theater, satire, irony, atheism were few of the elements of theater that developed with the course and action of Renaissance and allowed for the enlightenment of the masses in a cultured and educated way and the most soft way in form of art and expression which conveyed the message far and wide. These elements set precedence and are part of almost every society and every culture where the art is being followed and practiced. Hence it was the Renaissance and the theater texts that set foundation for what is being practiced and followed. Do you see any connection between p erspectives in painting perspective on stages? Give examples? There is a clear connection between the perspectives being presented in the paintings. Several paintings, stage events art, artists and their work can be attributed to the connection that prevailed in that era. For

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection - Essay Example As the paper hghlights the reporter found meaning in herlife with her children and her total being, without him by her side. Today, her children and she is very happy living together and she is proud to say that she feels accomplished and complete without her husband. The early phase of her married life falls on Erikson’s psychosocial stage 6 which covers her early adulthood. This is the stage when she was longing for intimacy; thus, marrying her husband even if she had to go against the will of herv family. This is the time when she wanted to have a close personal relationship rather than be isolated. The reporter wanted to have a satisfying relationship and develop a family of her own. The later part of her married life is a perfect example of Erikson’s â€Å"penultimate† stage or the middle adulthood stage. When she separated from her husband, that was the time when her focus shifted from herself to her immediate surroundings which are her children. Had she fo cused on herself, she could have just wallowed in depression and not strive to work hard for her children. The reporter   focused on integrity and not despair. She focused on the positive rather than on the negative. She had to do something for the good of my children. Her strength was her children, which is what Erickson terms as â€Å"generativity†. She feared of becoming meaningless or inactive. She knew she had to find new meaning and purpose in life because she did not want to be self-absorbed and stagnate. Her going back to school and finding a job was instrumental in helping her get through this stage. The population that the reporter most want to â€Å"give forward† to are the separated wives who feel so depressed and useless. She wants to share with them my experience. From this paper it is clear that she wants to show them how she was able to rise up again from the pain of being left by a husband. She want to prove to them that they do not need a husband to take care of their children. She will show them how to find meaning in their lives and view the separation as a challenge to improve oneself and be useful to society. The reporter will point out to them that the options that they face are â€Å"generativity† or â€Å"stagnation†. It is her objective that they make the better choice of moving forward and care for the â€Å"next generation†, meaning their children. The reporter will prove to them through her experience that choosing â€Å"generativity† will lead them to the path of â€Å"integrity†, which is the positive result of the eighth stage in Erikson’s stages of development. On the other hand, if they choose â€Å"stagnation†, it will only bring them towards â€Å"despair†, the oppos ite side of the eighth stage. Her   ideal legacy for her family is to be able to give a college education to her children. Hopefully, if they are well-educated, they can become successful individuals both with their careers and their family lives. She may not be able to leave them with wealth but she hopes through their education they can pursue whatever it is they dream for in their lives.

What are the main obstacles to womens leadership and what can be done Essay

What are the main obstacles to womens leadership and what can be done to address them - Essay Example Lets take the example of Fortune 500 companies, most of the people employed at the top positions such as Chairperson, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer are men. However, there were only 6% women employees on these top positions and 15% were also present in the Board of Directors of these companies (Wagadu, 2008). Such disparity in business world is evident in every country especially in the developed nations worldwide. In the European Union, out of fifty nations that are operating as the trading organisations, women were found 11% on senior positions and only 4% as Chief Executive Officers (Women’s Media, 2009). In 1986, two individuals from the Wall Street Journal suggested an anwer for such disparity for top position employees in organisations. They believed that women managed to get to the senior rankings with immense difficulty as there are various blockages in the paths destined for these positions. The exclusive group appeared within their hold, however they just couldn’t smash through the so called ‘glass ceiling’. This situation captured the association of aggravation among women and demonstrated reverberation regarding those high aims which are visible, but someway unachievable (Grogan, 2010). Â   There was a period in which there were many obstacles for women. For instance, in the 80s, it was difficult to assume a woman getting to the senior position. This viewpoint was further embedded by Richard Nixon, the President of USA, which was recorded in the White House and published in the form of Freedom of Information Act. He stated that no woman is suitable for managing the positions in government bodies; the main reason emphasised by him was that women lack consistency and they are highly emotional. Moreover, according to the President, women keep on changing their attitudes towards work and are simply unable to comprehend with responsibility and seriousness towards the job.

Tsunami Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tsunami Analysis - Essay Example The process of research is the backbone to the preparation of any piece of academic writing. Research involves the processes of acknowledging sources, avoiding plagiarism, in-text referencing and preparation of references. According to an article from the University of Canberra, many students write their academic papers based on the ideas of other writers or authors. As a result, it is proper for these students to acknowledge sources since it gives credibility to the source or piece of writing being prepared. The acknowledgement of sources helps in supporting research conducted by the student or researcher. The article further clarifies that acknowledgement of sources gives authority to a piece of writing while at the same time it helps in avoiding plagiarism. Plagiarism is a crime that many students usually commit knowingly and unknowingly which can be avoided by properly acknowledging sources (Harbord, 2007). Finally the article gives examples of pieces of writing that could be con sidered as academic. Academic writing assignments include dissertations, literature reviews and annotated bibliographies which are commonly written by students. Dissertations can be short or long pieces of writing while literature reviews is a piece of writing that gives an overview of a research question or issue. Annotated bibliographies are also used in summarizing sources listed in the reference list and they are effective is shading light into the general idea expressed by the writer (Harbord, 2007). Different academic writing styles make use of citation styles such as APA, MLA and Harvard in acknowledging the sources from different authors. Generally, the article was important in giving... The paper tells that Asian Tsunami of the year 2004 did not spear the environment since several coastlands where the coastlines were redrawn leading to change in coastlines. For instance, the Andaman and Nicobar islands were severely destroyed by the Asian tsunami. Sea creatures were not speared in the aftermath of the tsunami as many sea animals were killed especially around the epicentre of the undersea earthquake. Once the ocean moved a lot of damage and catastrophe were noticed within a short period of time. The devastation led was noticed by the International community and many countries came along to the aid of the affected countries and people. Australia was one of the countries that came to the aid of the affected regions and people in the Asian region. Several Australian tourists who were holidaying in the region were evacuated with the help of the Australian governments. The tsunami was massive and it reached the coast of Australia but it did not cause a lot of damage. Aust ralia, the United States of America and several European countries mopped up funds and personnel aid to the Asian countries hit by the tsunami. Many people were displaced by the tsunami and they were in dire need of help thus help was extended to them. Most of these internally displaced people (IDP’s) lacked food, shelter, water and health services hence international community in conjunction with aid agencies such as the Red Cross and Medicine San Frontiers.

Geography Discuss how the writings of Henri Lefebvre have influenced Essay

Geography Discuss how the writings of Henri Lefebvre have influenced geographers understaning of the modern city which has been persistently shped by the spaces - Essay Example y of Consciousness (1925), Morceaux choises de Karl Marx (1934), Morceaux choises de Hegel (1938), L’Existentialisme (1946), Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA (1950), Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes (1962), Dialectical Materialism (1968), Evolution or Revolution (1974), Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx’s Death (1988), The Critique of Everyday Life (1991) and Writings on Cities published posthumously in 1996. It was through the translation and wide distribution of Dialectical Materialism that he became known worldwide as the father of the dialectic yet has also been hailed as the pioneer of critiques of the city and the ‘spatial turn’ in theory. Following World War II, Lefebvre was greatly impacted by the depression of the people around him who felt alienated from the new forms of work in the newly industrialized nation as well as by the new bureaucratic institutions of civil society. His writings exploring the ideas of Marx and Hegel were burned by the Vichy Regime during World War II and he was persecuted as a Communist sympathizer following the war. It wasn’t until the 1960s that he finally found a position as a professor at a school called Nanterre back in Paris where he was able to continue his work into the study of the cities. â€Å"Nanterre provided an environment in which he developed his critique of the alienation of modern city life which was obscured by the mystifications of the consumerism and the mythification of Paris by the heritage and tourism industries.   These critiques of the city were the basis for Lefebvres investigation of the cultural construction of stereotypical notions of cities, of nat ure and of regions† (Shields, 2002). Within his writings, Lefebvre brought attention to the tendency of academia to place too much emphasis upon the classification of studies as being psychology, sociology, archeology or geography among others,

Environmental Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental Protection - Essay Example European Convention has recognised Human rights as one of the main cornerstones of its existence. "Under the Human Rights Act 1998, UK courts and public bodies are bound to act in accordance with the Convention. There is one exception to this, which that the Convention right to an individual remedy is not transposed. Instead, there are in effect 'collective' remedies, in the sense that legislation can be decreed incompatible with the Convention and fast-tracked through Parliament for reform," Bell, p.78. European human rights law operates at a general level at which usually it mostly outweighs the environmental rights and interests. ECJ has interpreted the right to respect home life (Article 8) and tries to provide remedy against extreme pollution1. Human rights law also have an indirect impact on environmental rights because it provides various freedoms like freedom of expression (Article 10). It gives the right of peaceful assembly (Art 11) and this means it is possible to voice the grievances and protest publicly about environmental degradation. EC on Human Rights protects civil, political freedoms, but has not particularly developed any rights against environmental degradation. Environmental law is comparatively of a very recent origin and has emerged to safeguard the natural environment from the onslaught of human activities that are continuously polluting the earth. Every country has seen that legislation is necessary to protect the natural environment and ecosystems. This is a combination of common law, treaties, negotiated agreements, statutes regulations, precedents, conventions and other governmental policies passed for the purpose. Some of the laws regulate the activity impact on nature like setting levels of pollution. Environmental law does not have a definite boundary of its own. "The potential lack of doctrinal certainty has, in the United Kingdom at least, led to a number of attempts to 'justify' the existence of a coherent subject known as environmental law as a discrete legal subject area," Bell (2006, p.5). Environmental law is a political discipline and political parties mutually never agree on a particular legislation. According to Bell, British approach to pollution control is pragmatic and involves consideration discretion. Environmental law involves economic, social, political, cultural criteria in addition to environmental main thrust and regulatory agencies conduct the political balancing process, not always with great success. "The power to define and enforce consents is ultimately a power to put people out of business, to deter the introduction of new business or to drive away a going concern," (Hawkins, 1984 in Bell, p.14). Most of the laws are preventive in nature. 1960s started the worldwide phenomena of passing environmental laws and now it has become part of sustainable development and the policy thrives on public participation, environmental justice and it imposes fines and in very serious cases, it could punish with imprisonment. The principle here is to prevent, command and control. There are many rights like private rights, public Law Rights, substantive legal rights and human rights involved in the environmental law. The Climate Change Bill published on 13th March 2007 is aimed at low-carbon economy mainly to cut the carbon emissions by 60% before 2050 and if approved, perhaps UK will

“On Being Sane in Insane Places” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"On Being Sane in Insane Places† Essay It was very interesting to read about Rosenhans study and how psychiatrists, who go through big coursework and training, could wrongly classify a patient. It surprised me how some psychiatrists couldn’t say they don’t know what’s wrong with patients instead they could possibly diagnose someone as insane. Though reading this chapter I found the strange things from Rosenhan’s study that was hard to believe. Slater states, â€Å"The strange thing was, the other patients seemed to know Rosenhan was normal, even while the doctors did not. † (69). I believe patients can know that better than doctors because they are in that situation already and some doctors don’t analyze their patients carefully to know what’s actually happening with them. For example, if someone studies about one culture doesn’t mean that person knows way better that person who actually lives with that culture. Both chapters I found interesting because it relates to my life very well. I found out Elliot Aronson, Darley and Latane all kind of try to show that people needs to find reason for their actions. I believe each person as a human have to help everyone no matter what. Darley and Latane’s mention is about how to help someone in an emergency that relates with Catherine Genovse murder. Slater says, â€Å"You must interpret the event as one in which help is needed† (95). We read about Catherine’s murder and saw that after she had asked for help, someone yelled, leave that girl alone, instead of helping, and the only thing that happened was that the killer ran away (95). I agree with Darley and Latane’s that we need to know which help is needed and what help is not. The person may have helped with getting the killer away, but Catherine needed the help the most, so she wouldn’t die. I been in so many situations that someone needed my help and I helped as much as I could, but knowing what helped was needed help me a lot. Leon Festinger talked about how people really pay attention to what is going on in their life and around them. I think some people just pay attention to what they want. Its true most of the people like to listen to people who agree with them and ignore who doesn’t. The chapter also discussed how people can believe in something they can’t prove such as God working through  a person. I think even for believing a god it has many prove to make a person to believe it. I believe for believing on something need to have something as prove. This section is a really great one however I didnt prefer how the experiments were described. I additionally didnt prefer the experiments and there result. Harlow was a fascinating man and I preferred how the author discusses the experimenter and how they grew up on the grounds that it permits me to understand their conclusions about their examinations and why they are imperative to them. I thought it was interesting that the monkeys adored the cover yet when they were displayed a face they might be scared and yell or cry about it. What I establish fascinating was that when they were babies they existed like a typical life however when they got older they went insane. A percentage of the monkeys were introducing a mental imbalance, gnawing them, and one of the monkeys bit off his hands. This discovering was entertaining since Harlow was supporting the surrogate moms and this wound up going terrible for him. I wish the author might stick more to the investigations and less to her editorializing. I cant agree with what Zola-Morgan does say â€Å"our human lives are intrinsically more valuable; monkey studies yield information that helps those lives† (153). Of course humans are more valuable than the monkeys, but still monkeys are animals and I think it’s so cruel to hurts them only because to do the experiment. If that kind of research saved the life of loved then I will be okay with that. I still feel awful with doing that type of experiment on poor animals that didn’t do nothing wrong.   This is another important finding because it just shows that psychiatrists may not have any idea about what they are doing, but no one questions them because of their authority. Of course after whom goes through big coursework and training, don’t expect someone to tell them they are wrong but from Rosenhan’s study they may be wrong too.

The problem of Brain-drain Essay Example for Free

The problem of Brain-drain Essay Brian Drain refers the situation when highly qualified and trained people leave a country to permanently settle in some other country. It is also referred to as Human capital flight. The problem of Brain-drain, in our age, has become very elusive. The developing countries like India are desperately in need of talents, especially in the field of science and technology but for one reason or the other the talents and fleeing their countries, leaving their native lands impoverished in the process. Thus it is an extremely serious problem, for on the solution of it depends upon the destiny of the poorer countries. India can be taken as an instance in point. After independence this country is engaged in difficult struggle against poverty. But struggles cannot be launched in papers; they require armies of trained personnel – the scientists, technical knowhow and specialists in the field of planned development. If, instead of contributing to the prosperity of India, the Indian scientists, research scholars, engineers, doctors and economists immigrate to other countries, it is difficult to see how India can implement her development plans and attain her goal of prosperity. In ancient times the scholars of one country visited neighboring countries, and they often stayed there for years, both learning and teaching. The great scholars of China and Persia and other scholars from the West visited India during her prosperous days in the past and wrote memoirs which are precious materials for Indian history. But these were not considered brain drain then. For when Hiuen Tsang came to India or Shilbhadra visited Tibet, staying there for many years, their absence from their own countries did not make much difference. On the contrary, their experiences and wisdom gained from their visits enriched their countries. Such exchanges benefited the countries in those days and built a bridge of understanding and amity when communication between even the neighbours was not easy. In the under-developed countries like India, the ambitious and highly educated people found it very difficult to climb the peak, for the obstacles were many and the bureaucratic bungling was irritating. Hence, the alarming exodus started in the fifties and in the seventies the brain-drain appeared  to be complete. Hundred of talents emigrated to the U.S.A. and Europe which assured them of great opportunities for getting to the top, of secure and comfortable living, of satisfaction and of glory in their respective fields. If the emigrants could have all those assurances they would not think of fleeing their country. But the problem is that a developing country like India could hardly afford to accommodate so many ambitious people, nor could the scope be made broad enough to secure affluence for all. Some of them, after training and experiences in foreign countries, return home with individual drams and when they fail to fit in with the evolving patterns at home, despair drives them away again. But India needs these professionally trained people, so they should be persuaded to stay in India and be content with less lucrative jobs. When India is rich enough to reward them, they would not find much to complain about. All these people are among the fortunate few, enjoying the privilege of education, while some eighty percent of Indians languish in dark hovels – poor, ignorant and superstitious. It is they duty and responsibility of those privileged few to take them out of the morass, instead of jointing the mad rush for careerism. There may be many obstacles in their way, but their dedicated services and patriotic zeal will help them rise above them and restore to India her lost glory.

Management of Organizational Performance: Literature Review

Management of Organizational Performance: Literature Review Many broad descriptions of management of performance can be found when one goes through the bulk of management materials available in books, journals and internet. Michael Armstrong 2000 plainly describes management of performance as a means of getting better results from a whole organization, or teams and individuals within ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦within an agreed framework of planned goals. Whereas Armstrongs description does not exactly introduce a novel definition in management literature, it captures the extensiveness of the field of appraisal. This field is full of complexities in regards to elucidating the exact scale of practices and mechanisms involved in performance appraisal. Armstrongs definition sets us on an excellent path when it comes to understanding these complexities. Donna Mitchell in her book Performance Management is more forthcoming in her definition and attempts to cover more ground in the management literature. She adds another dimension to the definition by first i ncluding performance measurement in her attempts to exhaustively describe management of performance. She describes performance measurement as the process of assessing progress towards achieving predetermined goals (Mitchell, 2007). She goes ahead to describe management of performance as, building on that process adding, the relevant communication and action on the progress achieved against these predetermined goals (Mitchell, 2007). On top of incorporating the aspect of measurement of performance in management, it is notable to appreciate that management of performance is fundamentally about management of people. It is basically an attempt to comprehend the manner in which people in an organization work, both individually and with others. Aspects like supervision, decision making, inclusive employee involvement, motivation and promotion of technological innovations among workers are equally crucial in the development of the organization. Mitchells definition is an improvement from Armstrongs description and more elaborative. It can be observed from the two writers that the field of management is unmistakably composed of several disciplines. Diverse modalities for organizational evaluation are existent and thus various operational methods have been formulated to independently appraise an organizations development. Financial department policies that specifically deal with accounting are mostly employed in evaluati ng and controlling the fiscal robustness of organizations. The technical operations department evaluation policies are inherently concerned with enhancing the logistical fluidity of activities and functions in the various departments. The human resource department on its part is largely specialized in enhancing output of personnel. These three offer an insight into the compound realm of management of organizational performance. The discipline of management that is closely related with the appraisal of organizational performance is the human resources. Nevertheless, other departments have evaluation score cards that respective managers use to review in assessing employee outputs and efficiency. Elaine Pulakos, in Performance Management: A New Approach for Driving Business Results, underscores the significance of management of organization performance being tactical, united, geared towards enhancement of performance and enforced enactment of positive development concepts. But this wide and ambiguous definition of management of organizational performance makes it an increasingly intricate undertaking. The specific appraisal component that is clearly implicit of the progression of performance evaluation is definitely the performance scorecard Rampersad posits that the Balanced Scorecard, as a tool of measurement has evolved into the ultimate unit pointer of progression or regression. He divides the measurement tool into two components; the Personal Balanced Scorecard or PBSC and the Organizational Balanced Scorecard (OBSC) (Rampersad, 2003). The former is for individual employees to evaluate themselves, while the latter is for entire organization to gauge its collective progression. Whereas different literatures on management will present divergentthough synonymousdescriptions of management of organizational performance, most of them are homogeneous in their acknowledgement of the importance of the practice. To formulate a strategy, a business or organization needs sufficient data that indicate its current status. The current status of the organization will be determined only by a review of the organizations performance. The performance management similarly aids in management of the process of implementing the conceptualized strategies. In the process of managing the formulated strategies, the scorecard data will caution against making assumptions. In the absence of a scorecard, an organization can easily make assumptions about its position and use the hypothetical data to make skewed and erratic projections about the future. Balanced Scorecards for the individuals and the organization are the only sure means of checking the development or degeneration direction of firm (Thorpe Holloway, 2008). The management of organizational performance can help a company ascertain that it is realizing minimum allowable standards that are necessary for continued existence. These could be standards pertaining to environmental safety or legal provisions. Management of appraisals of the company also communicates a clear message of expectation to the employees. As such, employees are conscious of not only their duties and responsibilities, but of performance standards the employers expect them to deliver. Stakeholders are also informed of the companys sense of direction; such stakeholders include current and prospective shareholders, concerned government authorities and clients or customers. Management of organization performance can be a system for the acknowledgement and appreciation of the hard work and outstanding behavior of excellent employees. Appreciating and rewarding excellent employee behavior can be an incentive or a source of motivation for other employees to improve on their del ivery and output. Clear as the benefits of management are, there exist two performance management precepts. The first is the tactical management of performance and the other is conservative management system. The tactical system which is purely strategic is also intrinsically reactionary and depends on market or environment settings and conditions. The tactical management system is triggered whenever there are drastic changes in the organizational surroundings and the business needs to readjust its activities in the wake of environmental changes. The conservative performance management system on the contrary is a continuous system that is carried out at predetermined regular intervals to self-regulate the firm. The regulation could be a quarterly, bi-annual or yearly process, planned to coincide with specific but organization-wide release of statements, for example production output statements, fiscal position reports or profit announcements (Carton Hofer, 2006). Other than communicating the position of the firm to stakeholders, the regular management of organizational performance is critical in inspiring and rewarding exceptional employee behaviors. While in the conventional logic the evaluation of employee performance and the reward schemes have been associated with release of firms fiscal reports, some organizations are using the Personal Balanced Scorecard to negotiate salary, wages and compensation for their employees. Niven, 2006 is a big critic of the system that seeks to use appraisal reports in assigning compensation packages for its employees. Niven argues that appraisal results are efficient only if the rewards for good behavior are gifts that supplement an employees pay, not if the result is used to calculate and determine the compensation package. Mohan Nair disputes Nivens argument in his book, Essentials of balanced scorecard. Mohan is of the view that a scorecard is the surest means of keeping employees in check all year round . He, Mohan, posits that an organization has no business providing attractive compensation packages to non-performing employees as the main goal of an organization is to generate profits. Niven is critical of using scorecards to determine compensation packages because they create rivalries among employees within departments and they are also unsustainable. Niven wants us to imagine a scenario where the performance of an employee keeps fluctuating on monthly basis. If an employee is outstanding on the first month, average on the second and grossly underproductive on the third, does the management keep on updating the compensation package for every of those months and for every single employee in the organization? Matthew Kammerer explores deeper into the pros and cons of balanced scorecards as were developed by the pair of Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton. He notes that while Kaplan and Norton were innovative in formulating a system for evaluating performances, he hypothesizes that anomalous employee behavior is most likely to be observed in the long haul. This system will eventually water down on the worth of tactical performance management as it will not be entirely impartial to all employees. Research done by Michael Hammer on the same issue backs up Kammerers hypothesis, and points out to the prejudicial nature of scorecards on junior employees. The reward scheme is done by senior organization employees and these superiors will assign themselves favorable points and pocket the bulk of the rewards. Many departmental managers have raised complaints regarding the partiality of performance rewards scheme, and particularly criticized the criteria employed to settle on rewards. The human resource department is at the centre of this reward scheme and is equally burdened by the tenets to be used in rationally allocating rewards (Hammer, 2007). The big question therefore is, what aspects need to be managed when evaluating the performance of the organization? The quandary of assessing organizational performance is such a demanding undertaking that management experts and observers can only speculate on the best ways forward. Fiscal strategies are conventionally regarded as the easily usable schemes in many firms. With the turn of the millennia however, organizations have become more complex with multifaceted dimensions that need cannot be evaluated by fiscal analysis alone. Paolo Taticchi reckons in the International journal of Productivity and Performance Management that fiscal analysis, by use of management accounting, is an incomplete tool as a comprehensive organizational performance indicator. Taticchi notes that the use of management bookkeeping information is only enough when reviewing inflows and outflows. The inadequacies of purely financial appraisal systems in performance review have spawned a shift from cost analysis to encompass a wide range of issues such as a review of the firms goals. Observers in the appraisal of performance have debated and proposed ways in which organizations can formulate proper assessment systems. From the bulk of management literature available on performance measurement, comprehensive review outlines have the aim of delineating performance in a manner that echoes strategic organization goals (Taticchi, 2010). These outlines possess fundamental attributes that assist in pinpointing the apposite series of standards against which performance is sustainably assessed and managed. The literature covered in Thorpe and Holloway (2008), and Taticchi (2009) highlight the reality that a series of review measures employed by a firm must depict a crystal representation of the firm. These measures ought to echo the fiscal as well as the non-fiscal strategies; the internal and environmental attributes; and the competence and efficiency measures. The generated outline of quantifiable measures must also generate a clear indication of the firms performance. Case in point, the minimalism and perceptive basis of the Organizational Balanced Scorecard is regarded as its most resourceful feature, as it is simple and readily grasped (Fakhri, Menacere Pegum, 2011). Outlines need to show the necessity for a firm to employ a series of measures that are multifaceted in dimensions. All areas of organizational performance must be measurable to reflect development or regression in the outline. The sight of a chief executive officer handling a mass of data that has not been filtered into meaningful information is not so uncommon. Such heaps of data does not present any meaning and insightful account of the performance of individual and departmental units in the organization. To eliminate the occurrence of a scenario where an executive reads heaps of data that bears no informative insight, the department of quality management has to come into action. Some reputable methodologies can be used by the quality management department to cover the apparent inadequacies of balanced scoreboards for example the Demming Cycle (Balanced Scoreboard Institute). Developed by Edward Deming in the mid last century, he held that business processes ought to be scrutinized and gauged to make out the sources of discrepancies which result in manufactured goods digressing from clients specifications. The Demming Cycle represents just one of the many assessment tools that are not only geared towards fiscal analysis but cover other crucial organizational issues. The Demming Cycle is simple; place the undertakings and activities of the firm in an incessant feedback loop so that supervisors can make out and alter the activities that need upgrading. To demonstrate the cycle, he used the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle to keep performance management in continuous check (Averson, 1998). Under the Plan, the management or whoever is concerned with the review of performance management-devises and revises the organization processes and the associated components (activities) to guarantee continuous development or improvement in results. The Do part of the cycle is concerned with the carrying out of the Plan, and the gauging of processes performance. The Check section is meant for assessment of products measurements, and the identification of faults. The results obtained from the Check section are forwarded to the organs of decision making. Finally, the Act part is mainly an action phase. Changes are made at this stage in case faults have been detected in the system. Tools for quality assessment managers are not few. There is the OODA loop which is an acronym for Observe, Orient Decide and Act that is used as a precept for strategic operations in the organization. The OODA loop appreciates the reality that the process of decision making is continuous cycle that needs regulated periods of observing and acting indefinitely. Similar to the Demming cycle, it is a deterrence mechanism that requires communication in the organizational structure. The six sigma is another management strategy, initially a project of Motorola, which is geared to identifying defects and eliminating them before they impact on the performance of the firm. It incorporates statistical quality management systems. Six sigma has its own share of debatable controversies and has been likened to the balanced scorecard for its lack of creativity by a host of management literatures. Research into the sigma six effects on business quality has revealed that an excess of 90 percent of fir ms that implemented the quality assessment programs recorded a loss in fortune (Morris, 2006). Others quality assessment tools include COBIT or Control Objectives for Information and related Technology that is specifically used in the information technology organizations and is a creation of the Information Systems Audit and Control Association. AIDA an abbreviation for Attention Interest Desire Action is another tool used in the marketing department to appraise marketing performances (Morris, 2006). All the management literature reviewed in this paper provides resourceful information in managing the performances of an organization. The literatures clearly indicate that for an organization to unlock its potential it must deal with right quality management tools and they should be applied appropriately to realize their potential. Performance management ought to be cross-sectional and not only target a particular section of the workforce. The exact performances that are being appraised ought to be reflected against expectations, the requisite requirements for outstanding performance and the qualities the clients are looking for. Performance must also be managed and appraised against feasible strategies and goals. A cross-sectional link between the performances of employees in hierarchical organizations should be explicitly assessed, so that the elimination of any possible conflicts in evaluation of employees is carried out. Conflicts are clear stumbling blocks in organizational eva luation. Such conflicts in the form of organizational politics need to be deracinated to ensure that departments with functional dependencies correlate with each other harmoniously. Organizations must center their performance appraisals systems towards communicating insight to employees, and not just generating raw data on employee productivity. If quality assessment tools are effective and the organization is realizing its objectives without subjecting employees to data about their performance, a positive culture of self drive is calculated amongst employees. On the contrary, if an organization is performing well and the company keeps on generating data for the purpose of rating employees, it creates a rivalry among departments and employees. This consequently results in some employees developing dysfunctional behaviors, either due to paranoia or insecurity over their jobs (Falcone Sachs, 2007). Considerable collective organizational effort must be spared to ensure the gradual development of apposite traditions in the firm that promote engagement of the firms employees in the processes and objectives of the company. Such a tradition should cultivate the feeling of appreciation among the employees so that employees enjoy their work. In brief, organization performance management will first encompass aspects such as planning of employee roles and demarcation of specific expextations from employees. Second, it involves an incessant process of performance supervision by use of quality assessment tools. Third, it encompasses the development of employees aptitude and competence to execute their roles. Fourth, it involves the intermittent positive appraisal of performance of individuals and departments. Finally, it covers the sensitive issue of rewarding employees who are exhibiting excellent organizational behavior and performance. Why i decided to go to college? Why i decided to go to college? When I think about college I think about a lot of studying and not enough time for myself. But I know that when I graduate college I will have many opportunities available. Going to college has affected my life in many ways, but in the end it will all pay off. I then decided that I wanted to go to college because I want a better future. After I graduated high school, I never thought about college. The reason I never thought about college was because, my parents didnt have that much money to support me through college. My parents wanted a better future for me, so that I can take care of myself. I then decided to go to Hennepin Technical College because they offered me financial aid. If it wasnt for financial aid, I wouldnt even think about going to college. I have a total to five in my family, and my father is the only one working. Financial aid helped me out a lot because, I didnt have to pay for anything. They helped me out with my tuition and my books. But sometimes my tuition don t always cover all of my cost in college. That made me happy because, I know that my parents didnt have to worry about paying for my tuition. Another reason I decided to go to college is because, it is closer to home. I wouldnt want to be making a long drive home from college. I also decide to go to Hennepin Tech because, of the time. They have morning, afternoon, and evening classes. I am a evening person. I concentrate better in the evening than 7:00AM. When I wake up that early, I feel like I cant concentrate. So for my classes, I have mostly all evening classes and one morning class. I try my very best to stay focused, but that was the only time they have available for morning class. When I started college, I thought that it wouldnt be so hard, but I was wrong. Not only do I have to study hard, but I dont have enough time for myself. I am going to college to become a dental assistant. In my dental class I have an exam every time I go to that class. I also have papers due for my other class the same time I have to study for my dental exam. It is so frustrating, because I dont know which one to do first, and I also become stressed out. But I end up doing well on my papers and on my exams. With all that studying and exams I have, I cant get a job, because I have so much work to do at college, I dont think that I can keep up with a job. My parents are great, they never tell me to get a job, because they know that I have to much papers and exams at the top of my head. They always tell me to focus on my studies and dont worry about a job, that they will support me. That made it less stressful knowing that I dont have to worry about getting a job. College has affect my life in many ways. I am the first one in my family to attend college, which means my parents are very proud that I decided to go. Since I am the first to attend college, I want to show my two brothers that they can do it, if I can. College has change my way of thinking. I know that when I graduate college, I will have a brighter future with many job opportunities available.

Birth Of A Nation: Art Or Propaganda Essay -- essays research papers

Birth of A Nation: Art or Propaganda   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind, engaging in war, driven by whatever instincts guide him, seeks to keep the defeats and victories of battle in his memory and on his conscience. To accomplish this men have used paint and canvas, ink and paper, or instrument and song in their effort to communicate the tragedy and glory of war. Never, before the career of D.W. Griffith had anyone attempted to bring the subject to film. The result of his efforts, weaknesses aside, mark a change in attitude towards film as a media. Perhaps audiences previously going to a picture expected emotional manipulation. After all, years before the film Birth of a nation, makers of film employed techniques to evoke pathos from viewers; whether through the use of a sobbing mother, a frightened child or what have you. In this respect the film was not a ground-breaker; However, through its effective use of devices such as symbolism, foreshadowing and allusions, as well as building on and arguably perfecting film techniques such as continuity editing, intercutting and close-ups, he transformed film from mere entertainment to art and propaganda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To present and explore a theme, symbolism is used everywhere in literature. Whether the image is subtle or obvious it is regardless a sign of considerable calculation and effort. In Birth of a nation Griffith places symbols everywhere, in doing this he merges literary devices of written works wi...

René Descartes Argument on the Existence of God Essay -- Philosophy G

Renà © Descartes' Argument on the Existence of God The problem with Renà © Descartes' argument about the existence of God has to do with his rationalist deductive reasoning. Descartes deduces that truth about the existence of God lies within his idea of a perfect God and God's essence (as a perfect being who must exist in order to be perfect). A rationalist philosopher, Descartes discounts human knowledge as a product of our sensory data (our senses) but supports the epistemological stance that our knowledge is obtained through the reasoning processes of our own minds. Because Descartes believes deductive inference is the only path to absolute certainty, he endeavors to use logical arguments and principles (a mathematically natured process of reasoning) to validate the existence of God. But how can principles of logic be used to prove the existence of God? Descartes' attempts to stay deductive when attempting to prove the existence of God are indeed laudable, but some of his arguments are lacking. In proving the existence of God, hi s two main arguments are as follows: the idea of a perfect, infinite being in his own head could only have been created by God Himself, and God's existence cannot be separated from His essence . Descartes must first prove that he exists. He writes, ?For example, during these few days I was examining whether anything in the world exists, and I noticed that, from the very fact that I was making this examination, it obviously followed that I exist? (84). Essentially, a being can be certain of its existence if it can think. Descartes also adds that ideas (thoughts, imagination, etc.) are objectively real: ?For whether it is a she-goat or a chimera that I am imagining, it is no less true that I imagine ... ...ply does not stand. Descartes loses his grasp on certainty by failing to prove God's perfection and that God was the only creator of his idea of perfection. By unsuccessfully proving the existence of God through pure deductive reasoning, Descartes' system may sadly be forever doomed to uncertainty in this particular endeavor. And because Descartes' project of certainty about the existence of God was unsuccessful, the same would follow for his deductions about the sense world. But there is always hope. Perhaps the existence of God was never meant to be proved through deductive reasoning and logic. There is always something to be said about believing in the existence God with nothing more than pure faith. Work Cited Descartes, Renà ©. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy . Trans. Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.

Different Perceptions of Beauty in Nature Essay -- Transcendentalism P

Different Perceptions of Beauty in Nature Ralph Waldo Emerson derived his philosophy of transcendentalism from ideas of Plato. According to Emerson, one has to have a very sensual relationship with beauty and nature in order to reach this transcendence. However, Emerson’s outlook on beauty as written in Nature is very different from what Plato wrote in The Republic. Interestingly, these differences will result in different methods for attaining the same state of transcendence. I believe, however, that Emerson’s method best describes how the soul transcends. The act of recalling beauty in its true and perfect form, Beauty, will lead to transcendence and the recovery of the soul. To Plato, transcendence comes not from experiencing anything in the material world as Emerson says, but â€Å"only the study of unseen reality can draw the soul upward† (223). Ultimate, true Beauty is the soul in its purest, transcended form: The soul must be seen as it truly is. It must not be distorted as we find it when it is hinged to the body and its miseries. The light of reason must enable us to discover the soul in its pure form, where its beauty is far more radiant (302). According to Plato, this perfect form of Beauty can be found by examining one’s soul using reason and wisdom. It can only be found by looking within and examining that which is not part of the physical world and cannot be seen. Emerson on the other hand believes that the way to transcend the soul is to go forth into nature and experience its beauty in all the senses. He believes nature’s beauty will allow man to find wisdom and to be closer to God. He writes, â€Å"in the woods, we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life—no d... ...ight in his way of looking at the world and nature. Plato says that transcendence cannot occur by looking at the things in nature because they are merely imitations of the form of Beauty and will not recall the real thing. But Emerson says this recall is possible because God, the Good, has created this beauty. In doing so, Emerson demolishes the world of appearances and extends the divided line, naming the natural, visible world as the world of reality. Hence going out into nature will allow one to know God and true Beauty, resulting in transcendence and contradicting what Plato said in The Republic. Works Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Nature.† The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Brooks Atkinson. New York: Modern Library, 1992. Plato. The Republic. Trans. Richard W. Sterling and William C. Scott. New York: W.W. Norton, 1985.

Fiscal policy Essay

Fiscal policy refers to the government’s choices regarding the overall level of government purchases and taxes. Fiscal policy is undertaken by government to manage, control and manipulate the economic variables in the economy like inflation, unemployment, consumption and so many more. The fiscal operations that has been taken place for the past decade in Ghana In the year 2000, Total revenue and grants amounted to 5,385.0 billion while total expenditure came to 7,524.9 billion. Out of an estimate of 1,319.0 billion, only 574.3 billion actually flowed in. Tax revenue collections exceeded the original projections on account of good performance from direct taxes, indirect and trade taxes. The provisional actual tax revenue yielded 3,731.7 billion as against an estimate of 3,957.3 billion. Provisional figures for 2000 indicate an overall balance of payments deficit of US$194.8 million, compared with an initial projected zero balance. In 2001, Provisional outturn for 2001 indicates that overall fiscal balance was a deficit of 4.4 per cent of GDP. Tax revenues exceeded the budget projections of  ¢6,255.2 billion by  ¢301.7 billion, because of better-than-programmed yield from value added taxes and import duties. Provisional fiscal data show total statutory payments of  ¢5,474.5 billion and discretionary payments of  ¢6,206.3 billion. These are lower than the respective targets of  ¢5,574.8 billion and  ¢7,498.7 billion. In 2003, The receipt of  ¢3,118.8 billion, in total grants including multilateral HIPC relief in 2003 represented a disbursement rate of almost 98percent, the highest in many years. Compositionally, tax revenue exceeded the target of  ¢12,556.3 billion by  ¢205.8 billion. Also, real GDP growth was higher than expected — 5.2 per cent against a projected 4.7 per cent. The overall budget deficit was contained at 3.4 per cent of GDP against the targeted 3.3 per cent of GDP. In 2004, Revenue has increased from  ¢4.4 trillion representing 16.3 percent of GDP of  ¢27,150 billion at end of 2000, to an all-time high of  ¢17.4 trillion, equivalent to 21.8 percent of GDP of  ¢79,800 billion at the end of 2004. Total budgeted payments for the 2004 fiscal year were estimated at  ¢24,853.1 billion. The provisional outturn for the period was  ¢28,736.8 billion, consisting of  ¢8,951.6 billion of statutory payments and  ¢19,773.2 billion of discretionary spending representing 31.2 percent and 68.8 percent of the total respectively. In 2005, In all, total receipts made up of  Domestic revenue, grants, loans, divestiture receipts and exceptional financing are projected at  ¢35,672.5 billion lower than the budget estimate of  ¢35,801.3 billion by  ¢128.8 billion for the year. Total payments for the 2005 fiscal year was budgeted at  ¢35,801.3 billion. This was made up of statutory payments of  ¢ 12,240.4 billion and discretionary payments of  ¢ 23,560.9 billion. Given the expected receipts and payments in 2005, the overall budget balance is projected to record a deficit of 2.4 per cent of GDP, compared to the budget estimate of 2.2 per cent of GDP. In 2006, an overall budget deficit of 4.5 per cent of GDP as result of expenditure exceeding total receipts amounted to  ¢41,357.1 billion as against total statutory payments of  ¢13,006.5 billion. In 2008, the overall budget deficit excluding divestiture hit a high of GH ¢2,557.6 million, equivalent to 14.9 of GDP. As against a total receipts, comprising domestic revenue, grants and other receipts amounted to GH ¢9,538.2 million, equivalent to 55.4 per cent of GDP. And total payments for 2008, comprising discretionary and statutory payments, amounted to GH ¢9,538.2 million, significantly higher than the budget estimate of GH ¢7,107.2 million. In 2009, total revenue and grants are projected at GH ¢7.2 billion, also indicating a drop of 3.5% below the original budget estimate. The projected outturn for the year is GH ¢8.7 billion, showing 13.8%drop in spending. The overall budget deficit for 2009 is estimated at GH ¢2.2 billion, equivalent to 10.2% of GDP. In 2010, based on the projected revenue and expenditure for the year 2010 the overall budget balance, showed a deficit of GH ¢2,214.3 million, equivalent to 9.7 percent of GDP. As against Conclusion The above measures that have been put in place by the government to ensure stability and growth in the economy simply define the fiscal operations that have taken place for the past decade. It is quite obvious to come to conclusion that for that past decade we have being struggling to stabilize our economy as the budget deficit for each year increases significantly for almost a decade now.

Insights Offered by Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Macbeth, written by English playwright William Shakespeare, is a fictional play set during a deep Christian era, which focuses heavily on the life of Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. Consistently throughout the play, a number of critical issues and themes are explored and reiterated with the clever use of language techniques and setting. On analysis of the patterns these themes and issues present, the responder is able to recognise a number of insights into the complex structure of human life and emotion.Furthermore, through investigation of Shakespeare's time and audience, we can further understand the context of these insights and how they relate to present day. Ambition is essentially a positive human emotion, however it maintains the ability to manipulate personal decision and influence cause of action. Throughout the play, the power and control of ambition is notably the most crucial element in the development of the plot, and provides a fundamental insight into the manner human em otions operate.To begin Macbeth is initially portrayed as a noble and decent character before meeting the three witches. He is considered loyal to his king and is highly respected amongst his soldiers, â€Å"For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—†. Shakespeare characterises this dignified Macbeth through the use of powerful emotive language such as â€Å"worthy gentle men† and â€Å"valiant cousin†. However, upon meeting the witches and hearing the utterance of their prophecy â€Å"All hail king thereafter†, ambition begins to consume him, initiating his mental downfall.Shakespeare emphasises the effect of ambition over Macbeth when he contrasts the once heroic character as â€Å"deceitful, false, avaricious and malicious†. Not only to we see the controlling effect of ambition on Macbeth, but rather it is his wife who begins wild dreams of limitless control as ambition reveals a darker side of human nature. Lady Macbeth, constr icted by this dark desire for power, aggressively persuades Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. We see Macbeth use ambition as a justification to himself when he declares â€Å"Vaulting ambition, which o'er leaps itself and falls on the other â€Å".Shakespeare’s inclusion of the term â€Å"vaulting ambition† demonstrates and emphasises the influence ambition can dictate over human action. Such wild ambition is presented in Macbeth's soliloquy and metaphor â€Å"Life's but a walking shadow†, which implies its inevitable and detrimental nature. Macbeth allows the responder to identify the manipulative nature and control ambition can hold over human emotion. It is through Shakespeare's clever characterisation and use of language techniques that we can analyse the natural process of human emotion and how ambition can act as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour.As such, we establish a key insight into the impact of ambition on human emotion and the destructiv e and unethical behaviour that can result. In Macbeth, the Elizabethan world view and perception of natural order greatly influences the complex mechanics of the play. Shakespeare writes in a time where God’s order was assigned to all aspects of life, from kings to nobles, husband to wife, and men to women. If the natural order was altered, God would become displeased and society and nature would distort until order was inevitably returned to its natural state.The subversion of nature is presented consistently throughout Macbeth; in the tyranny and vicious nature of Macbeth, and also in the ambiguous and abnormal gender profile demonstrated by Lady Macbeth. The corruption of the natural order in Scotland commences upon Macbeth's act of regicide and unjust ascension to kingship. Shakespeare effectively communicates the impact of such unnatural events through the use of powerful natural imagery. Subsequent to Macbeth's murder of Duncan, Dunsinane is engulfed in a violent weathe r of storms and ferocious winds.Lenox describes the evening as, â€Å"The night has been unruly. Where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down and, as they say, Lamentings heard i' th' air† This use of symbolic imagery portrays how Scotland has been overwhelmed by sin. Lady Macbeth further provokes the unsettling of natural order when she begins to plot against the King. At this time, we see her gender ambiguity provoked when she exclaims â€Å"unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty†.Macbeth become more passive as she begins to assume a more masculine role, and therefore, is subverting the Elizabeth natural order by denying her femininity. In the Elizabethan era, such an unstable and disturbed world was toxic. Inevitably we see the death of Macbeth and his wife as they succumb to the consequence of their actions. Order is finally restored to the land following Malcolm's proper ascension to the throne, highlighting the significanc e of correct order and hierarchy to the Elizabethan Era.Shakespeare’s crucial involvement of natural order and God's will is a powerful inclusion in the play. Through the use of powerful imagery and contrast, Shakespeare allows us to develop an insight into the importance of maintaining correct social order and the consequences of challenging it. In Macbeth, a number of key characters make decisions that result in harsh consequences. Shakespeare allows us to identify the connection between sinful actions and the subsequent guilt and consequence. Within the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both totally consumed by guilt.Upon committing regicide, Shakespeare highlights the overriding guilt of their actions through the use of symbolic imagery. The image of blood is consistently repeated throughout the play and symbolises the unrelenting guilt staining the couple â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? † This is further demonstra ted in Act 5 Scene 1, where Lady Macbeth's mental depreciation and thriving guilt is highlighted when she is presented with the illusion of bloodstained hands as she sleep walks in the night, â€Å"all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Shakespeare also utilises setting well in many of the scenes to represent the evil pervading within the play and around the couple. Images of darkness and night help create this evil setting for the sin committed by Macbeth and his wife, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires†. Macbeth allows us to establish an understanding of the consequences of a person's action and the subsequent guilt that follows. Accordingly, we are provided with an insight into the role of choices in human emotion and how a regrettable decision can bring with it not only cruel consequence, but unforgiving guilt.Shakespeare's Macbeth explores several critical issues pertaining to the process of human life and society. Macbeth reflects on human attitudes and reinforces the challenges of human behaviour. The play reiterates the consequences that are linked to sinful action and the guilt that follows, the importance of order and structure in society, and the impact of ambition as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. These issues provide us with key insights into the complex mechanics and structure of human emotion and society, enhancing our understanding of the play as a whole.

Constitution Cafe Essay

The Constitution Cafe written by Christopher Phillips is mainly about the viewpoints of students around the country and what could be different about the Constitution. While the majority of the students from the meetings feel like there should be a few things added to the articles of the Constitution, because things are different today than when it was first written in 1787. The book informs the readers on the basics of our rights and understanding more about the Constitution itself. There are many issues discussed such as immigration, justice for all, rights, money matters but I’ll only be going over a few of these issues. One argument Phillips discusses is the number of refugees who immigrate to the United States. There are a few students in the meeting that admit to be refugees, and are trying to support their families who are back in Mexico. They argue how it’s not right for Mexico president and leaders who are able to fly over into other countries in their private jets, but immigrants like Ricardo would end up getting killed for trying to find work in the U.  S. â€Å"We never had rights in Mexico, though our homeland’s constitution says we all have equal rights,† says Oscar (p. 112). Although they don’t have any rights in the U. S. , they still find a way to work harder than most citizens and will do anything to provide the best life for their families. I strongly agree with the Constitution Cafe Article the students wrote in which they want the Constitution to change, because most refugees who come to the U. S. want to have rights and live life without worrying about getting deported back to Mexico. Many Americans say immigrants shouldn’t be allowed if they weren’t born in the U. S. and call them names such as ‘wetbacks’ but some take that as a compliment since their backs are wet, because they work the hardest. Another argument the author addresses is with a few junior high school students who agree that every U. S. citizen when they turn the age eighteen should receive an equal lump sum payment of at least $50,000. 00. The students say you should only be able to keep the money if you’re doing good and spending it on well needed things. Sure, a few people will take advantage of their big payday and do nothing good with their lives if they don’t have to. But I’m betting most will make the most of this opportunity† (p87). We all know once you turn eighteen then you could be on your own and spend the money on unnecessary things. This is why I don’t agree with the students, and some points I can relate to like for instance some parents aren’t able to provide much so the money could help the family. I also see it as the population would sky rocket because everyone would have kids for the money once they turn eighteen. Life isn’t that easy just to have a huge payment waiting for you. It’s not fair to the ones who are over the age of eighteen and had to work hard for all that they have and didn’t just have $50,000 handed to them. A question I have for the students would be, â€Å"where the money would be coming from? † This is a very good argument, because any parent wants a good future for their child and especially if the money goes to college tuitions. Finally, the last argument that caught my attention is scout’s honor that the president should have to live by before becoming president of the U.  S. They argue about how easy it is to be president when all they ask for is you have to be thirty five years old and have resided in the U. S. at least fourteen years. A group of boy scouts say the president didn’t have to be a boy scout when he was younger but should promise to be trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. Our next president could have been in a gang or committed some type of crime and they would still win the president election. The citizens want someone who will be role model to all ages and prove by his/her actions, not just words. â€Å"This article may be about the ideal qualities we want in a president, but most of all, if you read between the lines, it’s really about the ideal qualities we want in ourselves† (p105). Arturo statement is true because we all want to be perfect but we all mistakes and so will the president, but at least there’s one person who will have all the qualities that we need to run the U. S.  This one argument I strongly agree with from the beginning all the way to the end with the written Constitution Cafe Article. A president should give their full duty to our country and of course believe in God. Christopher Phillips message would have to be getting his readers to understand what our Constitution is all about and there could be changes to it every day in life by anyone but it has to get approved of course. Thomas Jefferson believed that Americans should rewrite the Constitution every twenty years to meet our current needs in the generation we live in today. This is why Phillips has traveled the country asking Americans if and how they would rewrite our Constitution if given the chance. His main goal is to make the U. S. a better place and keep us all updated with the Constitution itself and hope from reading the book that we all learned something new about all the different arguments. From reading Constitution Cafe, I’ve learned so much more about the Constitution and the changes that have been made over years. I can definitely say now I know a lot about Thomas Jefferson than I did before, and all that he has done for the U.  S. From the many arguments in the book, I talked about a few and summarized what it was about. We should understand the basics of our rights, and if there’s something we want to make a change to in the Constitution we need to get together and write an article. All of the U. S. citizens will have different opinions on immigrants, rights, president qualities, money matters, and many more topics that relate to the Constitution. I can’t wait to read the part two of Constitution Cafe in the next twenty years, and to see what will change for the future generations.

Comparison in the Issue Between USA and South Africa Essay

This paper seeks to make a comparison on freedom of expression between the United States and South Africa. The question to be answered in contained the definition of the problem. II. Definition of the Problem (or Issue/Topic) Is the freedom of expression now in the Republic of South Africa now comparable with that of the United States? III. Nature and Extent of the Problem in the Two Countries The Republic of South has evolved into a republic not many years ago which signifies its adoption of democratic framework which basically includes the freedom of expression as part of the rights of the citizens. The US Constitution which includes the freedom of expression on the other hand has been in existence much longer in number of years as compared with RSA’s. Given the extent of the proliferation of the technology and the universal nature of human rights at this point, it is interesting to evaluate whether the rights or freedom of expression are comparable or have close similarities between the two countries. IV. Dynamics of the Problem This part would refer to the factors that could create or perpetuate the problem or those that would tend toward elimination/resolution of the problem. What could create the problem may include lack of vigilance of the citizens in protecting their rights. Democracy requires vigilance of its citizens (Shaw, S. , 2001; Africa Research Bureau, 1981) and the failure of these citizens to assert their right could result to the demise or non-enjoyment of the right. Another factor is the support of the courts to uphold the right of the citizens by the nature of the decisions made. It is also required that courts need to have independence from the political branch of the government (Lieberman, 2006; Bowman Iii, 2005). What could work towards elimination or resolution could come from the factors that c could create or perpetuate the problem. If the citizens therefore are vigilant, there is a great chance that the right would triumph in the court battles. Similarly if the courts are independent from the political branches of government and that the resulting decision are based on the spirit and letter of the rights or freedom of expression (Pasqualucci, 2006; Pannill, 2002), they by all mean, the conflict if any on these rights may be resolved in favor of their assertion and eventual enjoyment by its citizens V. Analysis on the Degree of Comparability It could be cited that RSA’s ratification of its 1996 Constitution, signaled the adoption of some of the best practices from the different part of the world including that of the US. Since US is believed to the leader in the area of human rights, it could be thought the RSA may actually have improved on what is has adopted. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) indicates that South Africa still requires more time to have its freedom to be considered comparable to the US. There is thus the RSA court decision involving the freedom of expression thing and what came out was that the Supreme Court has just even overruling previous decisions in favor of the upholding better right of freedom of expression. This means that RSA’s judicial system needs more time to really attain what the US as leader in human rights has attained as to freedom of expression. The IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998) has cited a decision on defamation in favor of â€Å"City Press† where the court has recently removed the unfair burden of legal liability on media. Without this ruling, the media would continue to be inhibited in its ability in championing the right to freedom of expression. This recent ruling was therefore considered as a victory of the principles of freedom of expression as contained in RSA’ Constitution. Since it was just made recently because of the RSA’s history of more repressive regimes, it could be asserted that it may require more time before RSA could match the kind of right now enjoyed in the US. VI. Conclusion Based on recent rulings of South Africa’s Supreme Court, it could be deduced that citizens of RSA could now be having more freedom of expression. But as stated in the dynamic of the problem, there are factors that could determine the resolution of conflicts pertaining to the right and the same factors could also be influenced the decrease or demise of the rights to expression. One of this is vigilance that must be asserted by the citizens of South Africa. The present level of technology could be a great help for them to use to protect their right by their acts of vigilance. The courts too need to be independent from political branches of government and be not cowed by the experiences of past regimes in South Africa. It has taken South Africa to adopt those of the US principles on human rights including the freedom of expression. It should be enough to conclude, it could not be that fast to reach what the US has attained in many decades for RSA’s freedom expression of expression to attain high degree of comparability with the US. VII. References Africa Research Bureau (1981) Africa Research Bulletin, Africa Research, Ltd. , 1981 Bowman Iii (2005) Mr. Madison Meets a Time Machine: The Political Science of Federal Sentencing Reform; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 58 ICL (2008) The Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, {www document} http://www. servat. unibe. ch/icl/sf__indx. html, Accessed November 11, 2008 IFLA/FAIFE World Report: Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (1998), {www document} http://www. ifla. org/faife/report/south_africa. htm, Accessed November 11, 2008 Lieberman (2006) Sorting the Revolutionary from the Terrorist: The Delicate Application of the â€Å"Political Offense† Exception in U. S. Extradition Cases; Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59 Pannill (2002) Free Speech, â€Å"The People’s Darling Privilege†: Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History; Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68, 2002 Pasqualucci (2006) Criminal Defamation and the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 39 Shaw, S. (2001) South Africa’s Transition to Democracy: An African Success Story : a Resource Book on the Positive Changes of the Nineties, The Author

International Business Strategy Literature review

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